src/libcore/vec.rs

/*
Module: vec
*/

import option::{some, none};
import uint::next_power_of_two;
import ptr::addr_of;

#[abi = "rust-intrinsic"]
native mod rusti {
    fn vec_len<T>(&&v: [const T]) -> ctypes::size_t;
}

#[abi = "cdecl"]
native mod rustrt {
    fn vec_reserve_shared<T>(t: *sys::type_desc,
                             &v: [const T],
                             n: ctypes::size_t);
    fn vec_from_buf_shared<T>(t: *sys::type_desc,
                              ptr: *T,
                              count: ctypes::size_t) -> [T];
}

/*
Type: init_op

A function used to initialize the elements of a vector.
*/
type init_op<T> = block(uint) -> T;


/*
Predicate: is_empty

Returns true if a vector contains no elements.
*/
pure fn is_empty<T>(v: [const T]) -> bool {
    // FIXME: This would be easier if we could just call len
    for t: T in v { ret false; }
    ret true;
}

/*
Predicate: is_not_empty

Returns true if a vector contains some elements.
*/
pure fn is_not_empty<T>(v: [const T]) -> bool { ret !is_empty(v); }

/*
Predicate: same_length

Returns true if two vectors have the same length
*/
pure fn same_length<T, U>(xs: [T], ys: [U]) -> bool {
    vec::len(xs) == vec::len(ys)
}

/*
Function: reserve

Reserves capacity for `n` elements in the given vector.

If the capacity for `v` is already equal to or greater than the requested
capacity, then no action is taken.

Parameters:

v - A vector
n - The number of elements to reserve space for
*/
fn reserve<T>(&v: [const T], n: uint) {
    rustrt::vec_reserve_shared(sys::get_type_desc::<T>(), v, n);
}

/*
Function: len

Returns the length of a vector
*/
pure fn len<T>(v: [const T]) -> uint { unchecked { rusti::vec_len(v) } }

/*
Function: init_fn

Creates and initializes an immutable vector.

Creates an immutable vector of size `n_elts` and initializes the elements
to the value returned by the function `op`.
*/
fn init_fn<T>(op: init_op<T>, n_elts: uint) -> [T] {
    let v = [];
    reserve(v, n_elts);
    let i: uint = 0u;
    while i < n_elts { v += [op(i)]; i += 1u; }
    ret v;
}

// TODO: Remove me once we have slots.
/*
Function: init_fn_mut

Creates and initializes a mutable vector.

Creates a mutable vector of size `n_elts` and initializes the elements to
the value returned by the function `op`.
*/
fn init_fn_mut<T>(op: init_op<T>, n_elts: uint) -> [mutable T] {
    let v = [mutable];
    reserve(v, n_elts);
    let i: uint = 0u;
    while i < n_elts { v += [mutable op(i)]; i += 1u; }
    ret v;
}

/*
Function: init_elt

Creates and initializes an immutable vector.

Creates an immutable vector of size `n_elts` and initializes the elements
to the value `t`.
*/
fn init_elt<T: copy>(t: T, n_elts: uint) -> [T] {
    let v = [];
    reserve(v, n_elts);
    let i: uint = 0u;
    while i < n_elts { v += [t]; i += 1u; }
    ret v;
}

// TODO: Remove me once we have slots.
/*
Function: init_elt_mut

Creates and initializes a mutable vector.

Creates a mutable vector of size `n_elts` and initializes the elements
to the value `t`.
*/
fn init_elt_mut<T: copy>(t: T, n_elts: uint) -> [mutable T] {
    let v = [mutable];
    reserve(v, n_elts);
    let i: uint = 0u;
    while i < n_elts { v += [mutable t]; i += 1u; }
    ret v;
}

// FIXME: Possible typestate postcondition:
// len(result) == len(v) (needs issue #586)
/*
Function: to_mut

Produces a mutable vector from an immutable vector.
*/
fn to_mut<T>(+v: [T]) -> [mutable T] unsafe {
    let r = ::unsafe::reinterpret_cast(v);
    ::unsafe::leak(v);
    r
}

/*
Function: from_mut

Produces an immutable vector from a mutable vector.
*/
fn from_mut<T>(+v: [mutable T]) -> [T] unsafe {
    let r = ::unsafe::reinterpret_cast(v);
    ::unsafe::leak(v);
    r
}

// Accessors

/*
Function: head

Returns the first element of a vector

Predicates:
<is_not_empty> (v)
*/
pure fn head<T: copy>(v: [const T]) : is_not_empty(v) -> T { ret v[0]; }

/*
Function: tail

Returns all but the first element of a vector

Predicates:
<is_not_empty> (v)
*/
fn tail<T: copy>(v: [const T]) : is_not_empty(v) -> [T] {
    ret slice(v, 1u, len(v));
}

/*
Function tail_n

Returns all but the first N elements of a vector
*/

fn tail_n<T: copy>(v: [const T], n: uint) -> [T] {
    slice(v, n, len(v))
}

// FIXME: This name is sort of confusing next to init_fn, etc
// but this is the name haskell uses for this function,
// along with head/tail/last.
/*
Function: init

Returns all but the last elemnt of a vector

Preconditions:
`v` is not empty
*/
fn init<T: copy>(v: [const T]) -> [T] {
    assert len(v) != 0u;
    slice(v, 0u, len(v) - 1u)
}

/*
Function: last

Returns the last element of a vector

Returns:

An option containing the last element of `v` if `v` is not empty, or
none if `v` is empty.
*/
pure fn last<T: copy>(v: [const T]) -> option::t<T> {
    if len(v) == 0u { ret none; }
    ret some(v[len(v) - 1u]);
}

/*
Function: last_total

Returns the last element of a non-empty vector `v`

Predicates:
<is_not_empty> (v)
*/
pure fn last_total<T: copy>(v: [const T]) : is_not_empty(v) -> T {
    ret v[len(v) - 1u];
}

/*
Function: slice

Returns a copy of the elements from [`start`..`end`) from `v`.
*/
fn slice<T: copy>(v: [const T], start: uint, end: uint) -> [T] {
    assert (start <= end);
    assert (end <= len(v));
    let result = [];
    reserve(result, end - start);
    let i = start;
    while i < end { result += [v[i]]; i += 1u; }
    ret result;
}

// TODO: Remove me once we have slots.
/*
Function: slice_mut

Returns a copy of the elements from [`start`..`end`) from `v`.
*/
fn slice_mut<T: copy>(v: [const T], start: uint, end: uint) -> [mutable T] {
    assert (start <= end);
    assert (end <= len(v));
    let result = [mutable];
    reserve(result, end - start);
    let i = start;
    while i < end { result += [mutable v[i]]; i += 1u; }
    ret result;
}


// Mutators

/*
Function: shift

Removes the first element from a vector and return it
*/
fn shift<T: copy>(&v: [const T]) -> T {
    let ln = len::<T>(v);
    assert (ln > 0u);
    let e = v[0];
    v = slice::<T>(v, 1u, ln);
    ret e;
}

// TODO: Write this, unsafely, in a way that's not O(n).
/*
Function: pop

Remove the last element from a vector and return it
*/
fn pop<T: copy>(&v: [const T]) -> T {
    let ln = len(v);
    assert (ln > 0u);
    ln -= 1u;
    let e = v[ln];
    v = slice(v, 0u, ln);
    ret e;
}

/*
Function: push

Append an element to a vector and return it
*/
fn push<T: copy>(&v: [T], initval: T) {
    grow(v, 1u, initval)
}

// TODO: More.


// Appending

/*
Function: grow

Expands a vector in place, initializing the new elements to a given value

Parameters:

v - The vector to grow
n - The number of elements to add
initval - The value for the new elements
*/
fn grow<T: copy>(&v: [T], n: uint, initval: T) {
    reserve(v, next_power_of_two(len(v) + n));
    let i: uint = 0u;
    while i < n { v += [initval]; i += 1u; }
}

// TODO: Remove me once we have slots.
// FIXME: Can't grow take a [const T]
/*
Function: grow_mut

Expands a vector in place, initializing the new elements to a given value

Parameters:

v - The vector to grow
n - The number of elements to add
initval - The value for the new elements
*/
fn grow_mut<T: copy>(&v: [mutable T], n: uint, initval: T) {
    reserve(v, next_power_of_two(len(v) + n));
    let i: uint = 0u;
    while i < n { v += [mutable initval]; i += 1u; }
}

/*
Function: grow_fn

Expands a vector in place, initializing the new elements to the result of a
function

Function `init_fn` is called `n` times with the values [0..`n`)

Parameters:

v - The vector to grow
n - The number of elements to add
init_fn - A function to call to retreive each appended element's value
*/
fn grow_fn<T>(&v: [T], n: uint, op: init_op<T>) {
    reserve(v, next_power_of_two(len(v) + n));
    let i: uint = 0u;
    while i < n { v += [op(i)]; i += 1u; }
}

/*
Function: grow_set

Sets the value of a vector element at a given index, growing the vector as
needed

Sets the element at position `index` to `val`. If `index` is past the end
of the vector, expands the vector by replicating `initval` to fill the
intervening space.
*/
fn grow_set<T: copy>(&v: [mutable T], index: uint, initval: T, val: T) {
    if index >= len(v) { grow_mut(v, index - len(v) + 1u, initval); }
    v[index] = val;
}


// Functional utilities

/*
Function: map

Apply a function to each element of a vector and return the results
*/
fn map<T, U>(v: [T], f: block(T) -> U) -> [U] {
    let result = [];
    reserve(result, len(v));
    for elem: T in v { result += [f(elem)]; }
    ret result;
}

/*
Function: map_mut

Apply a function to each element of a mutable vector and return the results
*/
fn map_mut<T: copy, U>(v: [const T], f: block(T) -> U) -> [U] {
    let result = [];
    reserve(result, len(v));
    for elem: T in v {
        // copy satisfies alias checker
        result += [f(copy elem)];
    }
    ret result;
}

/*
Function: map2

Apply a function to each pair of elements and return the results
*/
fn map2<T: copy, U: copy, V>(v0: [T], v1: [U], f: block(T, U) -> V) -> [V] {
    let v0_len = len(v0);
    if v0_len != len(v1) { fail; }
    let u: [V] = [];
    let i = 0u;
    while i < v0_len { u += [f(copy v0[i], copy v1[i])]; i += 1u; }
    ret u;
}

/*
Function: filter_map

Apply a function to each element of a vector and return the results

If function `f` returns `none` then that element is excluded from
the resulting vector.
*/
fn filter_map<T: copy, U: copy>(v: [const T], f: block(T) -> option::t<U>)
    -> [U] {
    let result = [];
    for elem: T in v {
        alt f(copy elem) {
          none {/* no-op */ }
          some(result_elem) { result += [result_elem]; }
        }
    }
    ret result;
}

/*
Function: filter

Construct a new vector from the elements of a vector for which some predicate
holds.

Apply function `f` to each element of `v` and return a vector containing
only those elements for which `f` returned true.
*/
fn filter<T: copy>(v: [T], f: block(T) -> bool) -> [T] {
    let result = [];
    for elem: T in v {
        if f(elem) { result += [elem]; }
    }
    ret result;
}

/*
Function: concat

Concatenate a vector of vectors. Flattens a vector of vectors of T into
a single vector of T.
*/
fn concat<T: copy>(v: [const [const T]]) -> [T] {
    let new: [T] = [];
    for inner: [T] in v { new += inner; }
    ret new;
}

/*
Function: foldl

Reduce a vector from left to right
*/
fn foldl<T: copy, U>(z: T, v: [const U], p: block(T, U) -> T) -> T {
    let accum = z;
    iter(v) { |elt|
        accum = p(accum, elt);
    }
    ret accum;
}

/*
Function: foldr

Reduce a vector from right to left
*/
fn foldr<T, U: copy>(v: [const T], z: U, p: block(T, U) -> U) -> U {
    let accum = z;
    riter(v) { |elt|
        accum = p(elt, accum);
    }
    ret accum;
}

/*
Function: any

Return true if a predicate matches any elements

If the vector contains no elements then false is returned.
*/
fn any<T>(v: [T], f: block(T) -> bool) -> bool {
    for elem: T in v { if f(elem) { ret true; } }
    ret false;
}

/*
Function: any2

Return true if a predicate matches any elements in both vectors.

If the vectors contains no elements then false is returned.
*/
fn any2<T, U>(v0: [T], v1: [U], f: block(T, U) -> bool) -> bool {
    let v0_len = len(v0);
    let v1_len = len(v1);
    let i = 0u;
    while i < v0_len && i < v1_len {
        if f(v0[i], v1[i]) { ret true; };
        i += 1u;
    }
    ret false;
}

/*
Function: all

Return true if a predicate matches all elements

If the vector contains no elements then true is returned.
*/
fn all<T>(v: [T], f: block(T) -> bool) -> bool {
    for elem: T in v { if !f(elem) { ret false; } }
    ret true;
}

/*
Function: all2

Return true if a predicate matches all elements in both vectors.

If the vectors are not the same size then false is returned.
*/
fn all2<T, U>(v0: [T], v1: [U], f: block(T, U) -> bool) -> bool {
    let v0_len = len(v0);
    if v0_len != len(v1) { ret false; }
    let i = 0u;
    while i < v0_len { if !f(v0[i], v1[i]) { ret false; }; i += 1u; }
    ret true;
}

/*
Function: member

Return true if a vector contains an element with the given value
*/
fn member<T>(x: T, v: [T]) -> bool {
    for elt: T in v { if x == elt { ret true; } }
    ret false;
}

/*
Function: count

Returns the number of elements that are equal to a given value
*/
fn count<T>(x: T, v: [const T]) -> uint {
    let cnt = 0u;
    for elt: T in v { if x == elt { cnt += 1u; } }
    ret cnt;
}

/*
Function: find

Search for an element that matches a given predicate

Apply function `f` to each element of `v`, starting from the first.
When function `f` returns true then an option containing the element
is returned. If `f` matches no elements then none is returned.
*/
fn find<T: copy>(v: [T], f: block(T) -> bool) -> option::t<T> {
    for elt: T in v { if f(elt) { ret some(elt); } }
    ret none;
}

/*
Function: position

Find the first index containing a matching value

Returns:

option::some(uint) - The first index containing a matching value
option::none - No elements matched
*/
fn position<T>(x: T, v: [T]) -> option::t<uint> {
    let i: uint = 0u;
    while i < len(v) { if x == v[i] { ret some::<uint>(i); } i += 1u; }
    ret none;
}

/*
Function: position_pred

Find the first index for which the value matches some predicate
*/
fn position_pred<T>(v: [T], f: block(T) -> bool) -> option::t<uint> {
    let i: uint = 0u;
    while i < len(v) { if f(v[i]) { ret some::<uint>(i); } i += 1u; }
    ret none;
}

// FIXME: if issue #586 gets implemented, could have a postcondition
// saying the two result lists have the same length -- or, could
// return a nominal record with a constraint saying that, instead of
// returning a tuple (contingent on issue #869)
/*
Function: unzip

Convert a vector of pairs into a pair of vectors

Returns a tuple containing two vectors where the i-th element of the first
vector contains the first element of the i-th tuple of the input vector,
and the i-th element of the second vector contains the second element
of the i-th tuple of the input vector.
*/
fn unzip<T: copy, U: copy>(v: [(T, U)]) -> ([T], [U]) {
    let as = [], bs = [];
    for (a, b) in v { as += [a]; bs += [b]; }
    ret (as, bs);
}

/*
Function: zip

Convert two vectors to a vector of pairs

Returns a vector of tuples, where the i-th tuple contains contains the
i-th elements from each of the input vectors.

Preconditions:

<same_length> (v, u)
*/
fn zip<T: copy, U: copy>(v: [T], u: [U]) : same_length(v, u) -> [(T, U)] {
    let zipped = [];
    let sz = len(v), i = 0u;
    assert (sz == len(u));
    while i < sz { zipped += [(v[i], u[i])]; i += 1u; }
    ret zipped;
}

/*
Function: swap

Swaps two elements in a vector

Parameters:
v - The input vector
a - The index of the first element
b - The index of the second element
*/
fn swap<T>(v: [mutable T], a: uint, b: uint) {
    v[a] <-> v[b];
}

/*
Function: reverse

Reverse the order of elements in a vector, in place
*/
fn reverse<T>(v: [mutable T]) {
    let i: uint = 0u;
    let ln = len::<T>(v);
    while i < ln / 2u { v[i] <-> v[ln - i - 1u]; i += 1u; }
}


/*
Function: reversed

Returns a vector with the order of elements reversed
*/
fn reversed<T: copy>(v: [const T]) -> [T] {
    let rs: [T] = [];
    let i = len::<T>(v);
    if i == 0u { ret rs; } else { i -= 1u; }
    while i != 0u { rs += [v[i]]; i -= 1u; }
    rs += [v[0]];
    ret rs;
}

// FIXME: Seems like this should take char params. Maybe belongs in char
/*
Function: enum_chars

Returns a vector containing a range of chars
*/
fn enum_chars(start: u8, end: u8) : ::u8::le(start, end) -> [char] {
    let i = start;
    let r = [];
    while i <= end { r += [i as char]; i += 1u as u8; }
    ret r;
}

// FIXME: Probably belongs in uint. Compare to uint::range
/*
Function: enum_uints

Returns a vector containing a range of uints
*/
fn enum_uints(start: uint, end: uint) : uint::le(start, end) -> [uint] {
    let i = start;
    let r = [];
    while i <= end { r += [i]; i += 1u; }
    ret r;
}

/*
Function: iter

Iterates over a vector

Iterates over vector `v` and, for each element, calls function `f` with the
element's value.

*/
fn iter<T>(v: [const T], f: block(T)) {
    iteri(v) { |_i, v| f(v) }
}

/*
Function: iter2

Iterates over two vectors in parallel

*/
fn iter2<U, T>(v: [U], v2: [T], f: block(U, T)) {
    let i = 0;
    for elt in v { f(elt, v2[i]); i += 1; }
}

/*
Function: iteri

Iterates over a vector's elements and indexes

Iterates over vector `v` and, for each element, calls function `f` with the
element's value and index.
*/
fn iteri<T>(v: [const T], f: block(uint, T)) {
    let i = 0u, l = len(v);
    while i < l { f(i, v[i]); i += 1u; }
}

/*
Function: riter

Iterates over a vector in reverse

Iterates over vector `v` and, for each element, calls function `f` with the
element's value.

*/
fn riter<T>(v: [const T], f: block(T)) {
    riteri(v) { |_i, v| f(v) }
}

/*
Function: riteri

Iterates over a vector's elements and indexes in reverse

Iterates over vector `v` and, for each element, calls function `f` with the
element's value and index.
*/
fn riteri<T>(v: [const T], f: block(uint, T)) {
    let i = len(v);
    while 0u < i {
        i -= 1u;
        f(i, v[i]);
    };
}

/*
Function: permute

Iterate over all permutations of vector `v`.  Permutations are produced in
lexicographic order with respect to the order of elements in `v` (so if `v`
is sorted then the permutations are lexicographically sorted).

The total number of permutations produced is `len(v)!`.  If `v` contains
repeated elements, then some permutations are repeated.
*/
fn permute<T: copy>(v: [const T], put: block([T])) {
  let ln = len(v);
  if ln == 0u {
    put([]);
  } else {
    let i = 0u;
    while i < ln {
      let elt = v[i];
      let rest = slice(v, 0u, i) + slice(v, i+1u, ln);
      permute(rest) {|permutation| put([elt] + permutation)}
      i += 1u;
    }
  }
}

/*
Function: to_ptr

FIXME: We don't need this wrapper
*/
unsafe fn to_ptr<T>(v: [T]) -> *T { ret unsafe::to_ptr(v); }

/*
Module: unsafe
*/
mod unsafe {
    type vec_repr = {mutable fill: uint, mutable alloc: uint, data: u8};

    /*
    Function: from_buf

    Constructs a vector from an unsafe pointer to a buffer

    Parameters:

    ptr - An unsafe pointer to a buffer of `T`
    elts - The number of elements in the buffer
    */
    unsafe fn from_buf<T>(ptr: *T, elts: uint) -> [T] {
        ret rustrt::vec_from_buf_shared(sys::get_type_desc::<T>(),
                                        ptr, elts);
    }

    /*
    Function: set_len

    Sets the length of a vector

    This well explicitly set the size of the vector, without actually
    modifing its buffers, so it is up to the caller to ensure that
    the vector is actually the specified size.
    */
    unsafe fn set_len<T>(&v: [const T], new_len: uint) {
        let repr: **vec_repr = ::unsafe::reinterpret_cast(addr_of(v));
        (**repr).fill = new_len * sys::size_of::<T>();
    }

    /*
    Function: to_ptr

    Returns an unsafe pointer to the vector's buffer

    The caller must ensure that the vector outlives the pointer this
    function returns, or else it will end up pointing to garbage.

    Modifying the vector may cause its buffer to be reallocated, which
    would also make any pointers to it invalid.
    */
    unsafe fn to_ptr<T>(v: [const T]) -> *T {
        let repr: **vec_repr = ::unsafe::reinterpret_cast(addr_of(v));
        ret ::unsafe::reinterpret_cast(addr_of((**repr).data));
    }
}

/*
Module: u8
*/
mod u8 {
    export cmp;
    export lt, le, eq, ne, ge, gt;
    export hash;

    #[nolink]
    #[abi = "cdecl"]
    native mod libc {
        fn memcmp(s1: *u8, s2: *u8, n: ctypes::size_t) -> ctypes::c_int;
    }

    /*
    Function cmp

    Bytewise string comparison
    */
    pure fn cmp(&&a: [u8], &&b: [u8]) -> int unsafe {
        let a_len = len(a);
        let b_len = len(b);
        let n = math::min(a_len, b_len) as ctypes::size_t;
        let r = libc::memcmp(to_ptr(a), to_ptr(b), n) as int;

        if r != 0 { r } else {
            if a_len == b_len {
                0
            } else if a_len < b_len {
                -1
            } else {
                1
            }
        }
    }

    /*
    Function: lt

    Bytewise less than or equal
    */
    pure fn lt(&&a: [u8], &&b: [u8]) -> bool { cmp(a, b) < 0 }

    /*
    Function: le

    Bytewise less than or equal
    */
    pure fn le(&&a: [u8], &&b: [u8]) -> bool { cmp(a, b) <= 0 }

    /*
    Function: eq

    Bytewise equality
    */
    pure fn eq(&&a: [u8], &&b: [u8]) -> bool unsafe { cmp(a, b) == 0 }

    /*
    Function: ne

    Bytewise inequality
    */
    pure fn ne(&&a: [u8], &&b: [u8]) -> bool unsafe { cmp(a, b) != 0 }

    /*
    Function: ge

    Bytewise greater than or equal
    */
    pure fn ge(&&a: [u8], &&b: [u8]) -> bool { cmp(a, b) >= 0 }

    /*
    Function: gt

    Bytewise greater than
    */
    pure fn gt(&&a: [u8], &&b: [u8]) -> bool { cmp(a, b) > 0 }

    /*
    Function: hash

    String hash function
    */
    fn hash(&&s: [u8]) -> uint {
        // djb hash.
        // FIXME: replace with murmur.

        let u: uint = 5381u;
        vec::iter(s, { |c| u *= 33u; u += c as uint; });
        ret u;
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {

    fn square(n: uint) -> uint { ret n * n; }

    fn square_ref(&&n: uint) -> uint { ret n * n; }

    pure fn is_three(&&n: uint) -> bool { ret n == 3u; }

    pure fn is_odd(&&n: uint) -> bool { ret n % 2u == 1u; }

    pure fn is_equal(&&x: uint, &&y:uint) -> bool { ret x == y; }

    fn square_if_odd(&&n: uint) -> option::t<uint> {
        ret if n % 2u == 1u { some(n * n) } else { none };
    }

    fn add(&&x: uint, &&y: uint) -> uint { ret x + y; }

    #[test]
    fn test_unsafe_ptrs() unsafe {
        // Test on-stack copy-from-buf.
        let a = [1, 2, 3];
        let ptr = to_ptr(a);
        let b = unsafe::from_buf(ptr, 3u);
        assert (len(b) == 3u);
        assert (b[0] == 1);
        assert (b[1] == 2);
        assert (b[2] == 3);

        // Test on-heap copy-from-buf.
        let c = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
        ptr = to_ptr(c);
        let d = unsafe::from_buf(ptr, 5u);
        assert (len(d) == 5u);
        assert (d[0] == 1);
        assert (d[1] == 2);
        assert (d[2] == 3);
        assert (d[3] == 4);
        assert (d[4] == 5);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_init_fn() {
        // Test on-stack init_fn.
        let v = init_fn(square, 3u);
        assert (len(v) == 3u);
        assert (v[0] == 0u);
        assert (v[1] == 1u);
        assert (v[2] == 4u);

        // Test on-heap init_fn.
        v = init_fn(square, 5u);
        assert (len(v) == 5u);
        assert (v[0] == 0u);
        assert (v[1] == 1u);
        assert (v[2] == 4u);
        assert (v[3] == 9u);
        assert (v[4] == 16u);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_init_elt() {
        // Test on-stack init_elt.
        let v = init_elt(10u, 2u);
        assert (len(v) == 2u);
        assert (v[0] == 10u);
        assert (v[1] == 10u);

        // Test on-heap init_elt.
        v = init_elt(20u, 6u);
        assert (v[0] == 20u);
        assert (v[1] == 20u);
        assert (v[2] == 20u);
        assert (v[3] == 20u);
        assert (v[4] == 20u);
        assert (v[5] == 20u);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_empty() {
        assert (is_empty::<int>([]));
        assert (!is_empty([0]));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_not_empty() {
        assert (is_not_empty([0]));
        assert (!is_not_empty::<int>([]));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_head() {
        let a = [11, 12];
        check (is_not_empty(a));
        assert (head(a) == 11);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_tail() {
        let a = [11];
        check (is_not_empty(a));
        assert (tail(a) == []);

        a = [11, 12];
        check (is_not_empty(a));
        assert (tail(a) == [12]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_last() {
        let n = last([]);
        assert (n == none);
        n = last([1, 2, 3]);
        assert (n == some(3));
        n = last([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
        assert (n == some(5));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_slice() {
        // Test on-stack -> on-stack slice.
        let v = slice([1, 2, 3], 1u, 3u);
        assert (len(v) == 2u);
        assert (v[0] == 2);
        assert (v[1] == 3);

        // Test on-heap -> on-stack slice.
        v = slice([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 0u, 3u);
        assert (len(v) == 3u);
        assert (v[0] == 1);
        assert (v[1] == 2);
        assert (v[2] == 3);

        // Test on-heap -> on-heap slice.
        v = slice([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 1u, 6u);
        assert (len(v) == 5u);
        assert (v[0] == 2);
        assert (v[1] == 3);
        assert (v[2] == 4);
        assert (v[3] == 5);
        assert (v[4] == 6);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pop() {
        // Test on-stack pop.
        let v = [1, 2, 3];
        let e = pop(v);
        assert (len(v) == 2u);
        assert (v[0] == 1);
        assert (v[1] == 2);
        assert (e == 3);

        // Test on-heap pop.
        v = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
        e = pop(v);
        assert (len(v) == 4u);
        assert (v[0] == 1);
        assert (v[1] == 2);
        assert (v[2] == 3);
        assert (v[3] == 4);
        assert (e == 5);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_push() {
        // Test on-stack push().
        let v = [];
        push(v, 1);
        assert (len(v) == 1u);
        assert (v[0] == 1);

        // Test on-heap push().
        push(v, 2);
        assert (len(v) == 2u);
        assert (v[0] == 1);
        assert (v[1] == 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_grow() {
        // Test on-stack grow().
        let v = [];
        grow(v, 2u, 1);
        assert (len(v) == 2u);
        assert (v[0] == 1);
        assert (v[1] == 1);

        // Test on-heap grow().
        grow(v, 3u, 2);
        assert (len(v) == 5u);
        assert (v[0] == 1);
        assert (v[1] == 1);
        assert (v[2] == 2);
        assert (v[3] == 2);
        assert (v[4] == 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_grow_fn() {
        let v = [];
        grow_fn(v, 3u, square);
        assert (len(v) == 3u);
        assert (v[0] == 0u);
        assert (v[1] == 1u);
        assert (v[2] == 4u);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_grow_set() {
        let v = [mutable 1, 2, 3];
        grow_set(v, 4u, 4, 5);
        assert (len(v) == 5u);
        assert (v[0] == 1);
        assert (v[1] == 2);
        assert (v[2] == 3);
        assert (v[3] == 4);
        assert (v[4] == 5);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_map() {
        // Test on-stack map.
        let v = [1u, 2u, 3u];
        let w = map(v, square_ref);
        assert (len(w) == 3u);
        assert (w[0] == 1u);
        assert (w[1] == 4u);
        assert (w[2] == 9u);

        // Test on-heap map.
        v = [1u, 2u, 3u, 4u, 5u];
        w = map(v, square_ref);
        assert (len(w) == 5u);
        assert (w[0] == 1u);
        assert (w[1] == 4u);
        assert (w[2] == 9u);
        assert (w[3] == 16u);
        assert (w[4] == 25u);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_map2() {
        fn times(&&x: int, &&y: int) -> int { ret x * y; }
        let f = times;
        let v0 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
        let v1 = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1];
        let u = map2::<int, int, int>(v0, v1, f);
        let i = 0;
        while i < 5 { assert (v0[i] * v1[i] == u[i]); i += 1; }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_filter_map() {
        // Test on-stack filter-map.
        let v = [1u, 2u, 3u];
        let w = filter_map(v, square_if_odd);
        assert (len(w) == 2u);
        assert (w[0] == 1u);
        assert (w[1] == 9u);

        // Test on-heap filter-map.
        v = [1u, 2u, 3u, 4u, 5u];
        w = filter_map(v, square_if_odd);
        assert (len(w) == 3u);
        assert (w[0] == 1u);
        assert (w[1] == 9u);
        assert (w[2] == 25u);

        fn halve(&&i: int) -> option::t<int> {
            if i % 2 == 0 {
                ret option::some::<int>(i / 2);
            } else { ret option::none::<int>; }
        }
        fn halve_for_sure(&&i: int) -> int { ret i / 2; }
        let all_even: [int] = [0, 2, 8, 6];
        let all_odd1: [int] = [1, 7, 3];
        let all_odd2: [int] = [];
        let mix: [int] = [9, 2, 6, 7, 1, 0, 0, 3];
        let mix_dest: [int] = [1, 3, 0, 0];
        assert (filter_map(all_even, halve) == map(all_even, halve_for_sure));
        assert (filter_map(all_odd1, halve) == []);
        assert (filter_map(all_odd2, halve) == []);
        assert (filter_map(mix, halve) == mix_dest);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_filter() {
        assert filter([1u, 2u, 3u], is_odd) == [1u, 3u];
        assert filter([1u, 2u, 4u, 8u, 16u], is_three) == [];
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_foldl() {
        // Test on-stack fold.
        let v = [1u, 2u, 3u];
        let sum = foldl(0u, v, add);
        assert (sum == 6u);

        // Test on-heap fold.
        v = [1u, 2u, 3u, 4u, 5u];
        sum = foldl(0u, v, add);
        assert (sum == 15u);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_foldl2() {
        fn sub(&&a: int, &&b: int) -> int {
            a - b
        }
        let v = [1, 2, 3, 4];
        let sum = foldl(0, v, sub);
        assert sum == -10;
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_foldr() {
        fn sub(&&a: int, &&b: int) -> int {
            a - b
        }
        let v = [1, 2, 3, 4];
        let sum = foldr(v, 0, sub);
        assert sum == -2;
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_iter_empty() {
        let i = 0;
        iter::<int>([], { |_v| i += 1 });
        assert i == 0;
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_iter_nonempty() {
        let i = 0;
        iter([1, 2, 3], { |v| i += v });
        assert i == 6;
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_iteri() {
        let i = 0;
        iteri([1, 2, 3], { |j, v|
            if i == 0 { assert v == 1; }
            assert j + 1u == v as uint;
            i += v;
        });
        assert i == 6;
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_riter_empty() {
        let i = 0;
        riter::<int>([], { |_v| i += 1 });
        assert i == 0;
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_riter_nonempty() {
        let i = 0;
        riter([1, 2, 3], { |v|
            if i == 0 { assert v == 3; }
            i += v
        });
        assert i == 6;
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_riteri() {
        let i = 0;
        riteri([0, 1, 2], { |j, v|
            if i == 0 { assert v == 2; }
            assert j == v as uint;
            i += v;
        });
        assert i == 3;
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_permute() {
        let results: [[int]];

        results = [];
        permute([]) {|v| results += [v]; }
        assert results == [[]];

        results = [];
        permute([7]) {|v| results += [v]; }
        assert results == [[7]];

        results = [];
        permute([1,1]) {|v| results += [v]; }
        assert results == [[1,1],[1,1]];

        results = [];
        permute([5,2,0]) {|v| results += [v]; }
        assert results == [[5,2,0],[5,0,2],[2,5,0],[2,0,5],[0,5,2],[0,2,5]];
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_any_and_all() {
        assert (any([1u, 2u, 3u], is_three));
        assert (!any([0u, 1u, 2u], is_three));
        assert (any([1u, 2u, 3u, 4u, 5u], is_three));
        assert (!any([1u, 2u, 4u, 5u, 6u], is_three));

        assert (all([3u, 3u, 3u], is_three));
        assert (!all([3u, 3u, 2u], is_three));
        assert (all([3u, 3u, 3u, 3u, 3u], is_three));
        assert (!all([3u, 3u, 0u, 1u, 2u], is_three));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_any2_and_all2() {

        assert (any2([2u, 4u, 6u], [2u, 4u, 6u], is_equal));
        assert (any2([1u, 2u, 3u], [4u, 5u, 3u], is_equal));
        assert (!any2([1u, 2u, 3u], [4u, 5u, 6u], is_equal));
        assert (any2([2u, 4u, 6u], [2u, 4u], is_equal));

        assert (all2([2u, 4u, 6u], [2u, 4u, 6u], is_equal));
        assert (!all2([1u, 2u, 3u], [4u, 5u, 3u], is_equal));
        assert (!all2([1u, 2u, 3u], [4u, 5u, 6u], is_equal));
        assert (!all2([2u, 4u, 6u], [2u, 4u], is_equal));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_zip_unzip() {
        let v1 = [1, 2, 3];
        let v2 = [4, 5, 6];

        check (same_length(v1, v2)); // Silly, but what else can we do?
        let z1 = zip(v1, v2);

        assert ((1, 4) == z1[0]);
        assert ((2, 5) == z1[1]);
        assert ((3, 6) == z1[2]);

        let (left, right) = unzip(z1);

        assert ((1, 4) == (left[0], right[0]));
        assert ((2, 5) == (left[1], right[1]));
        assert ((3, 6) == (left[2], right[2]));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_position() {
        let v1: [int] = [1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 5];
        assert (position(1, v1) == option::some::<uint>(0u));
        assert (position(2, v1) == option::some::<uint>(1u));
        assert (position(5, v1) == option::some::<uint>(5u));
        assert (position(4, v1) == option::none::<uint>);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_position_pred() {
        fn less_than_three(&&i: int) -> bool { ret i < 3; }
        fn is_eighteen(&&i: int) -> bool { ret i == 18; }
        let v1: [int] = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1];
        assert position_pred(v1, less_than_three) == option::some::<uint>(3u);
        assert position_pred(v1, is_eighteen) == option::none::<uint>;
    }

    #[test]
    fn reverse_and_reversed() {
        let v: [mutable int] = [mutable 10, 20];
        assert (v[0] == 10);
        assert (v[1] == 20);
        reverse(v);
        assert (v[0] == 20);
        assert (v[1] == 10);
        let v2 = reversed::<int>([10, 20]);
        assert (v2[0] == 20);
        assert (v2[1] == 10);
        v[0] = 30;
        assert (v2[0] == 20);
        // Make sure they work with 0-length vectors too.

        let v4 = reversed::<int>([]);
        assert (v4 == []);
        let v3: [mutable int] = [mutable];
        reverse::<int>(v3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn reversed_mut() {
        let v2 = reversed::<int>([mutable 10, 20]);
        assert (v2[0] == 20);
        assert (v2[1] == 10);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_init() {
        let v = init([1, 2, 3]);
        assert v == [1, 2];
    }

    #[test]
    // FIXME: Windows can't undwind
    #[ignore(cfg(target_os = "win32"))]
    fn test_init_empty() {

        let r = task::join(
            task::spawn_joinable {||
                task::unsupervise();
                init::<int>([]);
            });
        assert r == task::tr_failure
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_concat() {
        assert concat([[1], [2,3]]) == [1, 2, 3];
    }

}

// Local Variables:
// mode: rust;
// fill-column: 78;
// indent-tabs-mode: nil
// c-basic-offset: 4
// buffer-file-coding-system: utf-8-unix
// End: