| <!DOCTYPE HTML> |
| <html lang="en" class="light sidebar-visible" dir="ltr"> |
| <head> |
| <!-- Book generated using mdBook --> |
| <meta charset="UTF-8"> |
| <title>Higher-ranked trait bounds - Rust Compiler Development Guide</title> |
| |
| |
| <!-- Custom HTML head --> |
| |
| <meta name="description" content="A guide to developing the Rust compiler (rustc)"> |
| <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> |
| <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> |
| |
| <link rel="icon" href="../favicon-de23e50b.svg"> |
| <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon-8114d1fc.png"> |
| <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/variables-8adf115d.css"> |
| <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/general-2459343d.css"> |
| <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/chrome-ae938929.css"> |
| <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/print-9e4910d8.css" media="print"> |
| |
| <!-- Fonts --> |
| <link rel="stylesheet" href="../fonts/fonts-9644e21d.css"> |
| |
| <!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets --> |
| <link rel="stylesheet" id="mdbook-highlight-css" href="../highlight-493f70e1.css"> |
| <link rel="stylesheet" id="mdbook-tomorrow-night-css" href="../tomorrow-night-4c0ae647.css"> |
| <link rel="stylesheet" id="mdbook-ayu-highlight-css" href="../ayu-highlight-3fdfc3ac.css"> |
| |
| <!-- Custom theme stylesheets --> |
| |
| |
| <!-- Provide site root and default themes to javascript --> |
| <script> |
| const path_to_root = "../"; |
| const default_light_theme = "light"; |
| const default_dark_theme = "navy"; |
| window.path_to_searchindex_js = "../searchindex-d09ebca0.js"; |
| </script> |
| <!-- Start loading toc.js asap --> |
| <script src="../toc-daec3032.js"></script> |
| </head> |
| <body> |
| <div id="mdbook-help-container"> |
| <div id="mdbook-help-popup"> |
| <h2 class="mdbook-help-title">Keyboard shortcuts</h2> |
| <div> |
| <p>Press <kbd>←</kbd> or <kbd>→</kbd> to navigate between chapters</p> |
| <p>Press <kbd>S</kbd> or <kbd>/</kbd> to search in the book</p> |
| <p>Press <kbd>?</kbd> to show this help</p> |
| <p>Press <kbd>Esc</kbd> to hide this help</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="mdbook-body-container"> |
| <!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes --> |
| <script> |
| try { |
| let theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); |
| let sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); |
| |
| if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) { |
| localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1)); |
| } |
| |
| if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) { |
| localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1)); |
| } |
| } catch (e) { } |
| </script> |
| |
| <!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash --> |
| <script> |
| const default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? default_dark_theme : default_light_theme; |
| let theme; |
| try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { } |
| if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; } |
| const html = document.documentElement; |
| html.classList.remove('light') |
| html.classList.add(theme); |
| html.classList.add("js"); |
| </script> |
| |
| <input type="checkbox" id="mdbook-sidebar-toggle-anchor" class="hidden"> |
| |
| <!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed --> |
| <script> |
| let sidebar = null; |
| const sidebar_toggle = document.getElementById("mdbook-sidebar-toggle-anchor"); |
| if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) { |
| try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { } |
| sidebar = sidebar || 'visible'; |
| } else { |
| sidebar = 'hidden'; |
| sidebar_toggle.checked = false; |
| } |
| if (sidebar === 'visible') { |
| sidebar_toggle.checked = true; |
| } else { |
| html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible'); |
| } |
| </script> |
| |
| <nav id="mdbook-sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents"> |
| <!-- populated by js --> |
| <mdbook-sidebar-scrollbox class="sidebar-scrollbox"></mdbook-sidebar-scrollbox> |
| <noscript> |
| <iframe class="sidebar-iframe-outer" src="../toc.html"></iframe> |
| </noscript> |
| <div id="mdbook-sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle"> |
| <div class="sidebar-resize-indicator"></div> |
| </div> |
| </nav> |
| |
| <div id="mdbook-page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper"> |
| |
| <div class="page"> |
| <div id="mdbook-menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div> |
| <div id="mdbook-menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky"> |
| <div class="left-buttons"> |
| <label id="mdbook-sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" for="mdbook-sidebar-toggle-anchor" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="mdbook-sidebar"> |
| <span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"/></svg></span> |
| </label> |
| <button id="mdbook-theme-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Change theme" aria-label="Change theme" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mdbook-theme-list"> |
| <span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 576 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M371.3 367.1c27.3-3.9 51.9-19.4 67.2-42.9L600.2 74.1c12.6-19.5 9.4-45.3-7.6-61.2S549.7-4.4 531.1 9.6L294.4 187.2c-24 18-38.2 46.1-38.4 76.1L371.3 367.1zm-19.6 25.4l-116-104.4C175.9 290.3 128 339.6 128 400c0 3.9 .2 7.8 .6 11.6c1.8 17.5-10.2 36.4-27.8 36.4H96c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32H240c61.9 0 112-50.1 112-112c0-2.5-.1-5-.2-7.5z"/></svg></span> |
| </button> |
| <ul id="mdbook-theme-list" class="theme-popup" aria-label="Themes" role="menu"> |
| <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="mdbook-theme-default_theme">Auto</button></li> |
| <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="mdbook-theme-light">Light</button></li> |
| <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="mdbook-theme-rust">Rust</button></li> |
| <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="mdbook-theme-coal">Coal</button></li> |
| <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="mdbook-theme-navy">Navy</button></li> |
| <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="mdbook-theme-ayu">Ayu</button></li> |
| </ul> |
| <button id="mdbook-search-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Search (`/`)" aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="/ s" aria-controls="mdbook-searchbar"> |
| <span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M416 208c0 45.9-14.9 88.3-40 122.7L502.6 457.4c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.8 0 45.3s-32.8 12.5-45.3 0L330.7 376c-34.4 25.2-76.8 40-122.7 40C93.1 416 0 322.9 0 208S93.1 0 208 0S416 93.1 416 208zM208 352c79.5 0 144-64.5 144-144s-64.5-144-144-144S64 128.5 64 208s64.5 144 144 144z"/></svg></span> |
| </button> |
| </div> |
| |
| <h1 class="menu-title">Rust Compiler Development Guide</h1> |
| |
| <div class="right-buttons"> |
| <a href="../print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book"> |
| <span class=fa-svg id="print-button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M128 0C92.7 0 64 28.7 64 64v96h64V64H354.7L384 93.3V160h64V93.3c0-17-6.7-33.3-18.7-45.3L400 18.7C388 6.7 371.7 0 354.7 0H128zM384 352v32 64H128V384 368 352H384zm64 32h32c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V256c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H64c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64v96c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H64v64c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H384c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V384zm-16-88c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24s10.7-24 24-24s24 10.7 24 24s-10.7 24-24 24z"/></svg></span> |
| </a> |
| <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide" title="Git repository" aria-label="Git repository"> |
| <span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg></span> |
| </a> |
| <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide/edit/main/src/traits/hrtb.md" title="Suggest an edit" aria-label="Suggest an edit" rel="edit"> |
| <span class=fa-svg id="git-edit-button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M421.7 220.3l-11.3 11.3-22.6 22.6-205 205c-6.6 6.6-14.8 11.5-23.8 14.1L30.8 511c-8.4 2.5-17.5 .2-23.7-6.1S-1.5 489.7 1 481.2L38.7 353.1c2.6-9 7.5-17.2 14.1-23.8l205-205 22.6-22.6 11.3-11.3 33.9 33.9 62.1 62.1 33.9 33.9zM96 353.9l-9.3 9.3c-.9 .9-1.6 2.1-2 3.4l-25.3 86 86-25.3c1.3-.4 2.5-1.1 3.4-2l9.3-9.3H112c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16V353.9zM453.3 19.3l39.4 39.4c25 25 25 65.5 0 90.5l-14.5 14.5-22.6 22.6-11.3 11.3-33.9-33.9-62.1-62.1L314.3 67.7l11.3-11.3 22.6-22.6 14.5-14.5c25-25 65.5-25 90.5 0z"/></svg></span> |
| </a> |
| |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| |
| <div id="mdbook-search-wrapper" class="hidden"> |
| <form id="mdbook-searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer"> |
| <div class="search-wrapper"> |
| <input type="search" id="mdbook-searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="mdbook-searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header"> |
| <div class="spinner-wrapper"> |
| <span class=fa-svg id="fa-spin"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M304 48c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48s-48 21.5-48 48s21.5 48 48 48s48-21.5 48-48zm0 416c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48s-48 21.5-48 48s21.5 48 48 48s48-21.5 48-48zM48 304c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48s-21.5-48-48-48s-48 21.5-48 48s21.5 48 48 48zm464-48c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48s-48 21.5-48 48s21.5 48 48 48s48-21.5 48-48zM142.9 437c18.7-18.7 18.7-49.1 0-67.9s-49.1-18.7-67.9 0s-18.7 49.1 0 67.9s49.1 18.7 67.9 0zm0-294.2c18.7-18.7 18.7-49.1 0-67.9S93.7 56.2 75 75s-18.7 49.1 0 67.9s49.1 18.7 67.9 0zM369.1 437c18.7 18.7 49.1 18.7 67.9 0s18.7-49.1 0-67.9s-49.1-18.7-67.9 0s-18.7 49.1 0 67.9z"/></svg></span> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </form> |
| <div id="mdbook-searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden"> |
| <div id="mdbook-searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div> |
| <ul id="mdbook-searchresults"> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| |
| <!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM --> |
| <script> |
| document.getElementById('mdbook-sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible'); |
| document.getElementById('mdbook-sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible'); |
| Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#mdbook-sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) { |
| link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1); |
| }); |
| </script> |
| |
| <div id="mdbook-content" class="content"> |
| <main> |
| <h1 id="higher-ranked-trait-bounds"><a class="header" href="#higher-ranked-trait-bounds">Higher-ranked trait bounds</a></h1> |
| <p>One of the more subtle concepts in trait resolution is <em>higher-ranked trait |
| bounds</em>. An example of such a bound is <code>for<'a> MyTrait<&'a isize></code>. |
| Let’s walk through how selection on higher-ranked trait references |
| works.</p> |
| <h2 id="basic-matching-and-placeholder-leaks"><a class="header" href="#basic-matching-and-placeholder-leaks">Basic matching and placeholder leaks</a></h2> |
| <p>Suppose we have a trait <code>Foo</code>:</p> |
| <pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)] |
| </span><span class="boring">fn main() { |
| </span>trait Foo<X> { |
| fn foo(&self, x: X) { } |
| } |
| <span class="boring">}</span></code></pre> |
| <p>Let’s say we have a function <code>want_hrtb</code> that wants a type which |
| implements <code>Foo<&'a isize></code> for any <code>'a</code>:</p> |
| <pre><code class="language-rust ignore">fn want_hrtb<T>() where T : for<'a> Foo<&'a isize> { ... }</code></pre> |
| <p>Now we have a struct <code>AnyInt</code> that implements <code>Foo<&'a isize></code> for any |
| <code>'a</code>:</p> |
| <pre><code class="language-rust ignore">struct AnyInt; |
| impl<'a> Foo<&'a isize> for AnyInt { }</code></pre> |
| <p>And the question is, does <code>AnyInt : for<'a> Foo<&'a isize></code>? We want the |
| answer to be yes. The algorithm for figuring it out is closely related |
| to the subtyping for higher-ranked types (which is described <a href="./hrtb.html">here</a> |
| and also in a <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/practical-type-inference-for-arbitrary-rank-types">paper by SPJ</a>. If you wish to understand higher-ranked |
| subtyping, we recommend you read the paper). There are a few parts:</p> |
| <ol> |
| <li>Replace bound regions in the obligation with placeholders.</li> |
| <li>Match the impl against the <a href="../appendix/glossary.html#placeholder">placeholder</a> obligation.</li> |
| <li>Check for <em>placeholder leaks</em>.</li> |
| </ol> |
| <p>So let’s work through our example.</p> |
| <ol> |
| <li> |
| <p>The first thing we would do is to |
| replace the bound region in the obligation with a placeholder, yielding |
| <code>AnyInt : Foo<&'0 isize></code> (here <code>'0</code> represents placeholder region #0). |
| Note that we now have no quantifiers; |
| in terms of the compiler type, this changes from a <code>ty::PolyTraitRef</code> |
| to a <code>TraitRef</code>. We would then create the <code>TraitRef</code> from the impl, |
| using fresh variables for it’s bound regions (and thus getting |
| <code>Foo<&'$a isize></code>, where <code>'$a</code> is the inference variable for <code>'a</code>).</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Next |
| we relate the two trait refs, yielding a graph with the constraint |
| that <code>'0 == '$a</code>.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Finally, we check for placeholder “leaks” – a |
| leak is basically any attempt to relate a placeholder region to another |
| placeholder region, or to any region that pre-existed the impl match. |
| The leak check is done by searching from the placeholder region to find |
| the set of regions that it is related to in any way. This is called |
| the “taint” set. To pass the check, that set must consist <em>solely</em> of |
| itself and region variables from the impl. If the taint set includes |
| any other region, then the match is a failure. In this case, the taint |
| set for <code>'0</code> is <code>{'0, '$a}</code>, and hence the check will succeed.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| <p>Let’s consider a failure case. Imagine we also have a struct</p> |
| <pre><code class="language-rust ignore">struct StaticInt; |
| impl Foo<&'static isize> for StaticInt;</code></pre> |
| <p>We want the obligation <code>StaticInt : for<'a> Foo<&'a isize></code> to be |
| considered unsatisfied. The check begins just as before. <code>'a</code> is |
| replaced with a placeholder <code>'0</code> and the impl trait reference is instantiated to |
| <code>Foo<&'static isize></code>. When we relate those two, we get a constraint |
| like <code>'static == '0</code>. This means that the taint set for <code>'0</code> is <code>{'0, 'static}</code>, which fails the leak check.</p> |
| <p><strong>TODO</strong>: This is because <code>'static</code> is not a region variable but is in the |
| taint set, right?</p> |
| <h2 id="higher-ranked-trait-obligations"><a class="header" href="#higher-ranked-trait-obligations">Higher-ranked trait obligations</a></h2> |
| <p>Once the basic matching is done, we get to another interesting topic: |
| how to deal with impl obligations. I’ll work through a simple example |
| here. Imagine we have the traits <code>Foo</code> and <code>Bar</code> and an associated impl:</p> |
| <pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)] |
| </span><span class="boring">fn main() { |
| </span>trait Foo<X> { |
| fn foo(&self, x: X) { } |
| } |
| |
| trait Bar<X> { |
| fn bar(&self, x: X) { } |
| } |
| |
| impl<X,F> Foo<X> for F |
| where F : Bar<X> |
| { |
| } |
| <span class="boring">}</span></code></pre> |
| <p>Now let’s say we have an obligation <code>Baz: for<'a> Foo<&'a isize></code> and we match |
| this impl. What obligation is generated as a result? We want to get |
| <code>Baz: for<'a> Bar<&'a isize></code>, but how does that happen?</p> |
| <p>After the matching, we are in a position where we have a placeholder |
| substitution like <code>X => &'0 isize</code>. If we apply this substitution to the |
| impl obligations, we get <code>F : Bar<&'0 isize></code>. Obviously this is not |
| directly usable because the placeholder region <code>'0</code> cannot leak out of |
| our computation.</p> |
| <p>What we do is to create an inverse mapping from the taint set of <code>'0</code> |
| back to the original bound region (<code>'a</code>, here) that <code>'0</code> resulted |
| from. (This is done in <code>higher_ranked::plug_leaks</code>). We know that the |
| leak check passed, so this taint set consists solely of the placeholder |
| region itself plus various intermediate region variables. We then walk |
| the trait-reference and convert every region in that taint set back to |
| a late-bound region, so in this case we’d wind up with |
| <code>Baz: for<'a> Bar<&'a isize></code>.</p> |
| |
| </main> |
| |
| <nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation"> |
| <!-- Mobile navigation buttons --> |
| <a rel="prev" href="../traits/resolution.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left"> |
| <span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M41.4 233.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l160 160c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0s12.5-32.8 0-45.3L109.3 256 246.6 118.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0l-160 160z"/></svg></span> |
| </a> |
| |
| <a rel="next prefetch" href="../traits/caching.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right"> |
| <span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M278.6 233.4c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.8 0 45.3l-160 160c-12.5 12.5-32.8 12.5-45.3 0s-12.5-32.8 0-45.3L210.7 256 73.4 118.6c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.8 0-45.3s32.8-12.5 45.3 0l160 160z"/></svg></span> |
| </a> |
| |
| <div style="clear: both"></div> |
| </nav> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| |
| <nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation"> |
| <a rel="prev" href="../traits/resolution.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left"> |
| <span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M41.4 233.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l160 160c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0s12.5-32.8 0-45.3L109.3 256 246.6 118.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0l-160 160z"/></svg></span> |
| </a> |
| |
| <a rel="next prefetch" href="../traits/caching.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right"> |
| <span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M278.6 233.4c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.8 0 45.3l-160 160c-12.5 12.5-32.8 12.5-45.3 0s-12.5-32.8 0-45.3L210.7 256 73.4 118.6c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.8 0-45.3s32.8-12.5 45.3 0l160 160z"/></svg></span> |
| </a> |
| </nav> |
| |
| </div> |
| |
| <template id=fa-eye><span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 576 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M288 32c-80.8 0-145.5 36.8-192.6 80.6C48.6 156 17.3 208 2.5 243.7c-3.3 7.9-3.3 16.7 0 24.6C17.3 304 48.6 356 95.4 399.4C142.5 443.2 207.2 480 288 480s145.5-36.8 192.6-80.6c46.8-43.5 78.1-95.4 93-131.1c3.3-7.9 3.3-16.7 0-24.6c-14.9-35.7-46.2-87.7-93-131.1C433.5 68.8 368.8 32 288 32zM432 256c0 79.5-64.5 144-144 144s-144-64.5-144-144s64.5-144 144-144s144 64.5 144 144zM288 192c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64c-11.5 0-22.3-3-31.6-8.4c-.2 2.8-.4 5.5-.4 8.4c0 53 43 96 96 96s96-43 96-96s-43-96-96-96c-2.8 0-5.6 .1-8.4 .4c5.3 9.3 8.4 20.1 8.4 31.6z"/></svg></span></template> |
| <template id=fa-eye-slash><span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 640 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M38.8 5.1C28.4-3.1 13.3-1.2 5.1 9.2S-1.2 34.7 9.2 42.9l592 464c10.4 8.2 25.5 6.3 33.7-4.1s6.3-25.5-4.1-33.7L525.6 386.7c39.6-40.6 66.4-86.1 79.9-118.4c3.3-7.9 3.3-16.7 0-24.6c-14.9-35.7-46.2-87.7-93-131.1C465.5 68.8 400.8 32 320 32c-68.2 0-125 26.3-169.3 60.8L38.8 5.1zM223.1 149.5C248.6 126.2 282.7 112 320 112c79.5 0 144 64.5 144 144c0 24.9-6.3 48.3-17.4 68.7L408 294.5c5.2-11.8 8-24.8 8-38.5c0-53-43-96-96-96c-2.8 0-5.6 .1-8.4 .4c5.3 9.3 8.4 20.1 8.4 31.6c0 10.2-2.4 19.8-6.6 28.3l-90.3-70.8zm223.1 298L373 389.9c-16.4 6.5-34.3 10.1-53 10.1c-79.5 0-144-64.5-144-144c0-6.9 .5-13.6 1.4-20.2L83.1 161.5C60.3 191.2 44 220.8 34.5 243.7c-3.3 7.9-3.3 16.7 0 24.6c14.9 35.7 46.2 87.7 93 131.1C174.5 443.2 239.2 480 320 480c47.8 0 89.9-12.9 126.2-32.5z"/></svg></span></template> |
| <template id=fa-copy><span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M502.6 70.63l-61.25-61.25C435.4 3.371 427.2 0 418.7 0H255.1c-35.35 0-64 28.66-64 64l.0195 256C192 355.4 220.7 384 256 384h192c35.2 0 64-28.8 64-64V93.25C512 84.77 508.6 76.63 502.6 70.63zM464 320c0 8.836-7.164 16-16 16H255.1c-8.838 0-16-7.164-16-16L239.1 64.13c0-8.836 7.164-16 16-16h128L384 96c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h47.1V320zM272 448c0 8.836-7.164 16-16 16H63.1c-8.838 0-16-7.164-16-16L47.98 192.1c0-8.836 7.164-16 16-16H160V128H63.99c-35.35 0-64 28.65-64 64l.0098 256C.002 483.3 28.66 512 64 512h192c35.2 0 64-28.8 64-64v-32h-47.1L272 448z"/></svg></span></template> |
| <template id=fa-play><span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 384 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M73 39c-14.8-9.1-33.4-9.4-48.5-.9S0 62.6 0 80V432c0 17.4 9.4 33.4 24.5 41.9s33.7 8.1 48.5-.9L361 297c14.3-8.7 23-24.2 23-41s-8.7-32.2-23-41L73 39z"/></svg></span></template> |
| <template id=fa-clock-rotate-left><span class=fa-svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.2.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2022 Fonticons, Inc. --><path d="M75 75L41 41C25.9 25.9 0 36.6 0 57.9V168c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24H134.1c21.4 0 32.1-25.9 17-41l-30.8-30.8C155 85.5 203 64 256 64c106 0 192 86 192 192s-86 192-192 192c-40.8 0-78.6-12.7-109.7-34.4c-14.5-10.1-34.4-6.6-44.6 7.9s-6.6 34.4 7.9 44.6C151.2 495 201.7 512 256 512c141.4 0 256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0C185.3 0 121.3 28.7 75 75zm181 53c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24V256c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l72 72c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0s9.4-24.6 0-33.9l-65-65V152c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24z"/></svg></span></template> |
| |
| |
| |
| <script> |
| window.playground_copyable = true; |
| </script> |
| |
| |
| <script src="../elasticlunr-ef4e11c1.min.js"></script> |
| <script src="../mark-09e88c2c.min.js"></script> |
| <script src="../searcher-c2a407aa.js"></script> |
| |
| <script src="../clipboard-1626706a.min.js"></script> |
| <script src="../highlight-abc7f01d.js"></script> |
| <script src="../book-a0b12cfe.js"></script> |
| |
| <!-- Custom JS scripts --> |
| <script src="../mermaid-cc85ecea.min.js"></script> |
| <script src="../mermaid-init-4533fb11.js"></script> |
| |
| |
| |
| </div> |
| </body> |
| </html> |
