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| <h1 id="debug-info"><a class="header" href="#debug-info">Debug Info</a></h1> |
| <p>Debug info is a collection of information generated by the compiler that allows debuggers to |
| correctly interpret the state of a program while it is running. That includes things like mapping |
| instruction addresses to lines of code in the source file, and type layout information so that |
| bytes in memory can be read and displayed in a meaningful way.</p> |
| <p>Debug info can be a slightly overloaded term, covering all the layers between Rust MIR, and the |
| end-user seeing the output of their debugger onscreen. In brief, the stack from beginning to end is |
| as follows:</p> |
| <ol> |
| <li>Rustc inspects the MIR and communicates the relevant source, symbol, and type information to LLVM</li> |
| <li>LLVM translates this information into a target-specific debug info format during compilation</li> |
| <li>A debugger reads and interprets the debug info, mapping source-lines and allowing the debugee’s |
| variables in memory to be located and read with the correct layout</li> |
| <li>Built-in debugger formatting and styling is applied to variables</li> |
| <li>User-defined scripts are run, formatting and styling the variables further</li> |
| <li>The debugger frontend displays the variable to the user, possibly through the means of additional |
| API layers (e.g. VSCode extension by way of the |
| <a href="https://microsoft.github.io/debug-adapter-protocol/">Debug Adapter Protocol</a>)</li> |
| </ol> |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>NOTE: This subsection of the dev guide is perhaps more detailed than necessary. It aims to collect |
| a large amount of scattered information into one place and equip the reader with as firm a grasp of |
| the entire debug stack as possible.</p> |
| <p>If you are only interested in working on the visualizer |
| scripts, the information in the <a href="./debugger-visualizers.html">debugger-visualizers</a> and |
| <a href="./testing.html">testing</a> will suffice. If you need to make changes to Rust’s debug node generation, |
| please see <a href="./rust-codegen.html">rust-codegen</a>. All other sections are supplementary, but can be |
| vital to understanding some of the compromises the visualizers or codegen need to make. It can |
| also be valuable to know when a problem might be better solved in LLVM or the debugger itself.</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| <h1 id="dwarf"><a class="header" href="#dwarf">DWARF</a></h1> |
| <p>The is the primary debug info format for <code>*-gnu</code> targets. It is typically bundled in with the |
| binary, but it <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/DebugFission">can be generated as a separate file</a>. The |
| DWARF standard is available <a href="https://dwarfstd.org/">here</a>.</p> |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>NOTE: To inspect DWARF debug info, <a href="https://crates.io/crates/gimli">gimli</a> can be used |
| programatically. If you prefer a GUI, the author recommends <a href="https://github.com/sevaa/dwex">DWEX</a></p> |
| </blockquote> |
| <h1 id="pdbcodeview"><a class="header" href="#pdbcodeview">PDB/CodeView</a></h1> |
| <p>The primary debug info format for <code>*-msvc</code> targets. PDB is a proprietary container format created by |
| Microsoft that, unfortunately, |
| <a href="https://docs.rs/ms-pdb/0.1.10/ms_pdb/taster/enum.Flavor.html">has multiple meanings</a>. |
| We are concerned with ordinary PDB files, as Portable PDB is used mainly for .Net applications. PDB |
| files are separate from the compiled binary and use the <code>.pdb</code> extension.</p> |
| <p>PDB files contain CodeView objects, equivalent to DWARF’s tags. CodeView, the debugger that |
| consumed CodeView objects, was originally released in 1985. Its original intent was for C debugging, |
| and was later extended to support Visual C++. There are still minor alterations to the format to |
| support modern architectures and languages, but many of these changes are undocumented and/or |
| sparsely used.</p> |
| <p>It is important to keep this context in mind when working with CodeView objects. Due to its origins, |
| the “feature-set” of these objects is very limited, and focused around the core features of C. It |
| does not have many of the convenience or features of modern DWARF standards. A fair number of |
| workarounds exist within the debug info stack to compensate for CodeView’s shortcomings.</p> |
| <p>Due to its proprietary nature, it is very difficult to find information about PDB and CodeView. Many |
| of the sources were made at vastly different times and contain incomplete or somewhat contradictory |
| information. As such this page will aim to collect as many sources as possible.</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="./CodeView.pdf">CodeView 1.0 specification</a></li> |
| <li>LLVM |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="https://llvm.org/docs/SourceLevelDebugging.html#codeview-debug-info-format">CodeView Overview</a></li> |
| <li><a href="https://llvm.org/docs/PDB/index.html">PDB Overview and technical details</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li>Microsoft |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="https://github.com/microsoft/microsoft-pdb">microsoft-pdb</a> - A C/C++ implementation of a PDB |
| reader. The implementation does not contain the full PDB or CodeView specification, but does |
| contain enough information for other PDB consumers to be written. At time of writing (Nov 2025), |
| this repo has been archived for several years.</li> |
| <li><a href="https://github.com/microsoft/pdb-rs/">pdb-rs</a> - A Rust-based PDB reader and writer based on |
| other publicly-available information. Does not guarantee stability or spec compliance. Also |
| contains <code>pdbtool</code>, which can dump PDB files (<code>cargo install pdbtool</code>)</li> |
| <li><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/debugger/debug-interface-access/getting-started-debug-interface-access-sdk">Debug Interface Access SDK</a>. |
| While it does not document the PDB format directly, details can be gleaned from the interface |
| itself.</li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| <h1 id="debuggers"><a class="header" href="#debuggers">Debuggers</a></h1> |
| <p>Rust supports 3 major debuggers: GDB, LLDB, and CDB. Each has its own set of requirements, |
| limitations, and quirks. This unfortunately creates a large surface area to account for.</p> |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>NOTE: CDB is a proprietary debugger created by Microsoft. The underlying engine also powers |
| WinDbg, KD, the Microsoft C/C++ extension for VSCode, and part of the Visual Studio Debugger. In |
| these docs, it will be referred to as CDB for consistency</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| <p>While GDB and LLDB do offer facilities to natively support Rust’s value layout, this isn’t |
| completely necessary. Rust currently outputs debug info very similar to that of C++, allowing |
| debuggers without Rust support to work with a slightly degraded experience. More detail will be |
| included in later sections, but here is a quick reference for the capabilities of each debugger:</p> |
| <div class="table-wrapper"> |
| <table> |
| <thead> |
| <tr><th>Debugger</th><th>Debug Info Format</th><th>Native Rust support</th><th>Expression Style</th><th>Visualizer Scripts</th></tr> |
| </thead> |
| <tbody> |
| <tr><td>GDB</td><td>DWARF</td><td>Full</td><td>Rust</td><td>Python</td></tr> |
| <tr><td>LLDB</td><td>DWARF and PDB</td><td>Partial</td><td>C/C++</td><td>Python</td></tr> |
| <tr><td>CDB</td><td>PDB</td><td>None</td><td>C/C++</td><td>Natvis</td></tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| </div> |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>IMPORTANT: CDB can be assumed to run only on Windows. No assumptions can be made about the OS |
| running GDB or LLDB.</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| <h2 id="unsupported"><a class="header" href="#unsupported">Unsupported</a></h2> |
| <p>Below, are several unsupported debuggers that are of particular note due to their potential impact |
| in the future.</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="https://github.com/godzie44/BugStalker">Bugstalker</a> is an x86-64 Linux debugger written in Rust, |
| specifically to debug Rust programs. While promising, it is still in early development.</li> |
| <li><a href="https://github.com/EpicGamesExt/raddebugger">RAD Debugger</a> is a Windows-only GUI debugger. It has |
| a custom debug info format that PDB is translated into. The project also includes a linker that can |
| generate their new debug info format during the linking phase.</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
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