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| <main> |
| <h1 id="writing-tests"><a class="header" href="#writing-tests">Writing Tests</a></h1> |
| <p>The following focuses on writing an integration test. However, writing unit |
| tests is also encouraged!</p> |
| <h2 id="testsuite"><a class="header" href="#testsuite">Testsuite</a></h2> |
| <p>Cargo has a wide variety of integration tests that execute the <code>cargo</code> binary |
| and verify its behavior, located in the <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/tree/master/tests/testsuite/"><code>testsuite</code></a> directory. The |
| <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/blob/master/crates/cargo-test-support/src/lib.rs"><code>support</code></a> crate and <a href="https://docs.rs/snapbox/latest/snapbox/"><code>snapbox</code></a> contain many helpers to make this process easy.</p> |
| <p>There are two styles of tests that can roughly be categorized as</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>functional tests |
| <ul> |
| <li>The fixture is programmatically defined</li> |
| <li>The assertions may be in-source snapshots, hard-coded strings, or programmatically generated</li> |
| <li>Easier to share in an issue as a code block is completely self-contained</li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li>ui tests |
| <ul> |
| <li>The fixture is file-based</li> |
| <li>The assertions use file-backed snapshots that can be updated with an env variable</li> |
| <li>Easier to review the expected behavior of the command as more details are included</li> |
| <li>Easier to get up and running from an existing project</li> |
| <li>Easier to reason about as everything is just files in the repo</li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>These tests typically work by creating a temporary “project” with a |
| <code>Cargo.toml</code> file, executing the <code>cargo</code> binary process, and checking the |
| stdout and stderr output against the expected output.</p> |
| <h3 id="functional-tests"><a class="header" href="#functional-tests">Functional Tests</a></h3> |
| <p>Generally, a functional test will be placed in <code>tests/testsuite/<command>.rs</code> and will look roughly like:</p> |
| <pre><code class="language-rust ignore">use crate::prelude::*; |
| use cargo_test_support::str; |
| use cargo_test_support::project; |
| |
| #[cargo_test] |
| fn <description>() { |
| let p = project() |
| .file("src/main.rs", r#"fn main() { println!("hi!"); }"#) |
| .build(); |
| |
| p.cargo("run --bin foo") |
| .with_stderr_data(str![[r#" |
| [COMPILING] foo [..] |
| [FINISHED] [..] |
| [RUNNING] `target/debug/foo` |
| "#]]) |
| .with_stdout_data(str![["hi!"]]) |
| .run(); |
| }</code></pre> |
| <p>The <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/cargo_test_macro/attr.cargo_test.html"><code>#[cargo_test]</code> attribute</a> is used in place of |
| <code>#[test]</code> to inject some setup code and declare requirements for running the |
| test.</p> |
| <p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/blob/d847468768446168b596f721844193afaaf9d3f2/crates/cargo-test-support/src/lib.rs#L196-L202"><code>ProjectBuilder</code></a> via <code>project()</code>:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>Each project is in a separate directory in the sandbox</li> |
| <li>If you do not specify a <code>Cargo.toml</code> manifest using <code>file()</code>, one is |
| automatically created with a project name of <code>foo</code> using <code>basic_manifest()</code>.</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p><a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/blob/d847468768446168b596f721844193afaaf9d3f2/crates/cargo-test-support/src/lib.rs#L531-L550"><code>Execs</code></a> via <code>p.cargo(...)</code>:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>This executes the command and evaluates different assertions |
| <ul> |
| <li>See <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/blob/master/crates/cargo-test-support/src/compare.rs"><code>support::compare</code></a> for an explanation of the string pattern matching. |
| Patterns are used to make it easier to match against the expected output.</li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| <h4 id="filesystem-layout-testing"><a class="header" href="#filesystem-layout-testing">Filesystem layout testing</a></h4> |
| <p>Tests often to need to verify Cargo created/removed files. |
| The <code>CargoPathExt</code> trait (implemented by <code>Path</code> and <code>PathBuf</code>) provides a <code>assert_dir_layout()</code> to verify the files in a directory (including nested directories). |
| This takes a snapshot of file paths for the given directory and asserts that all files are present and no new files have been created. |
| This function also takes a list of patterns to ignore from the snapshot to make working with platform specific files easier.</p> |
| <p>Note: You will commonly need to call <code>unordered()</code> before passing your snapshot to deal with platform differences like binaries having <code>.exe</code> on Windows. |
| <code>assert_build_dir_layout</code> is a more specialized version of <code>assert_dir_layout()</code> that is automatically unordered and ignores common platform specific files designed for the Cargo build cache.</p> |
| <h4 id="testing-nightly-features"><a class="header" href="#testing-nightly-features">Testing Nightly Features</a></h4> |
| <p>If you are testing a Cargo feature that only works on “nightly” Cargo, then |
| you need to call <code>masquerade_as_nightly_cargo</code> on the process builder and pass |
| the name of the feature as the reason, like this:</p> |
| <pre><code class="language-rust ignore">p.cargo("build").masquerade_as_nightly_cargo(&["print-im-a-teapot"])</code></pre> |
| <p>If you are testing a feature that only works on <em>nightly rustc</em> (such as |
| benchmarks), then you should use the <code>nightly</code> option of the <code>cargo_test</code> |
| attribute, like this:</p> |
| <pre><code class="language-rust ignore">#[cargo_test(nightly, reason = "-Zfoo is unstable")]</code></pre> |
| <p>This will cause the test to be ignored if not running on the nightly toolchain.</p> |
| <h4 id="specifying-dependencies"><a class="header" href="#specifying-dependencies">Specifying Dependencies</a></h4> |
| <p>You should not write any tests that use the network such as contacting |
| crates.io. Typically, simple path dependencies are the easiest way to add a |
| dependency. Example:</p> |
| <pre><code class="language-rust ignore">let p = project() |
| .file("Cargo.toml", r#" |
| [package] |
| name = "foo" |
| version = "1.0.0" |
| |
| [dependencies] |
| bar = {path = "bar"} |
| "#) |
| .file("src/lib.rs", "extern crate bar;") |
| .file("bar/Cargo.toml", &basic_manifest("bar", "1.0.0")) |
| .file("bar/src/lib.rs", "") |
| .build();</code></pre> |
| <p>If you need to test with registry dependencies, see |
| <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/blob/d847468768446168b596f721844193afaaf9d3f2/crates/cargo-test-support/src/registry.rs#L311-L389"><code>support::registry::Package</code></a> for creating packages you can depend on.</p> |
| <p>If you need to test git dependencies, see <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/blob/master/crates/cargo-test-support/src/git.rs"><code>support::git</code></a> to create a git |
| dependency.</p> |
| <h4 id="cross-compilation"><a class="header" href="#cross-compilation">Cross compilation</a></h4> |
| <p>There are some utilities to help support tests that need to work against a |
| target other than the host. See <a href="running.html#running-cross-tests">Running cross |
| tests</a> for more an introduction on cross |
| compilation tests.</p> |
| <p>Tests that need to do cross-compilation should include this at the top of the |
| test to disable it in scenarios where cross compilation isn’t available:</p> |
| <pre><code class="language-rust ignore">if crate::utils::cross_compile::disabled() { |
| return; |
| }</code></pre> |
| <p>The name of the target can be fetched with the <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/blob/d58902e22e148426193cf3b8c4449fd3c05c0afd/crates/cargo-test-support/src/cross_compile.rs#L208-L225"><code>cross_compile::alternate()</code></a> |
| function. The name of the host target can be fetched with |
| <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/blob/d58902e22e148426193cf3b8c4449fd3c05c0afd/crates/cargo-test-support/src/lib.rs#L1137-L1140"><code>cargo_test_support::rustc_host()</code></a>.</p> |
| <p>If the test needs to run the cross-compiled binary, then it should have |
| something like this to exit the test before doing so:</p> |
| <pre><code class="language-rust ignore">if crate::utils::cross_compile::can_run_on_host() { |
| return; |
| }</code></pre> |
| <h3 id="ui-tests"><a class="header" href="#ui-tests">UI Tests</a></h3> |
| <p>UI Tests are a bit more spread out and generally look like:</p> |
| <p><code>tests/testsuite/<command>/mod.rs</code>:</p> |
| <pre><code class="language-rust ignore">mod <case>;</code></pre> |
| <p><code>tests/testsuite/<command>/<case>/mod.rs</code>:</p> |
| <pre><code class="language-rust ignore">use crate::prelude::*; |
| use cargo_test_support::compare::assert_ui; |
| use cargo_test_support::current_dir; |
| use cargo_test_support::file; |
| use cargo_test_support::Project; |
| |
| #[cargo_test] |
| fn case() { |
| let project = Project::from_template(current_dir!().join("in")); |
| let project_root = project.root(); |
| let cwd = &project_root; |
| |
| snapbox::cmd::Command::cargo_ui() |
| .arg("run") |
| .arg_line("--bin foo") |
| .current_dir(cwd) |
| .assert() |
| .success() |
| .stdout_matches(file!("stdout.log")) |
| .stderr_matches(file!("stderr.log")); |
| |
| assert_ui().subset_matches(current_dir!().join("out"), &project_root); |
| }</code></pre> |
| <p>Then populate</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><code>tests/testsuite/<command>/<case>/in</code> with the project’s directory structure</li> |
| <li><code>tests/testsuite/<command>/<case>/out</code> with the files you want verified</li> |
| <li><code>tests/testsuite/<command>/<case>/stdout.log</code> with nothing</li> |
| <li><code>tests/testsuite/<command>/<case>/stderr.log</code> with nothing</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p><code>#[cargo_test]</code>:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>This is used in place of <code>#[test]</code></li> |
| <li>This attribute injects code which does some setup before starting the |
| test, creating a filesystem “sandbox” under the “cargo integration test” |
| directory for each test such as |
| <code>/path/to/cargo/target/cit/t123/</code></li> |
| <li>The sandbox will contain a <code>home</code> directory that will be used instead of your normal home directory</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p><code>Project</code>:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>The project is copied from a directory in the repo</li> |
| <li>Each project is in a separate directory in the sandbox</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p><a href="https://docs.rs/snapbox/latest/snapbox/cmd/struct.Command.html"><code>Command</code></a> via <code>Command::cargo_ui()</code>:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>Set up and run a command.</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p><a href="https://docs.rs/snapbox/latest/snapbox/cmd/struct.OutputAssert.html"><code>OutputAssert</code></a> via <code>Command::assert()</code>:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>Perform assertions on the result of the <a href="https://docs.rs/snapbox/latest/snapbox/cmd/struct.Command.html"><code>Command</code></a></li> |
| </ul> |
| <p><a href="https://docs.rs/snapbox/latest/snapbox/struct.Assert.html"><code>Assert</code></a> via <code>assert_ui()</code>:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>Verify the command modified the file system as expected</li> |
| </ul> |
| <h4 id="updating-snapshots"><a class="header" href="#updating-snapshots">Updating Snapshots</a></h4> |
| <p>The project, stdout, and stderr snapshots can be updated by running with the |
| <code>SNAPSHOTS=overwrite</code> environment variable, like:</p> |
| <pre><code class="language-console">$ SNAPSHOTS=overwrite cargo test |
| </code></pre> |
| <p>Be sure to check the snapshots to make sure they make sense.</p> |
| <h4 id="testing-nightly-features-1"><a class="header" href="#testing-nightly-features-1">Testing Nightly Features</a></h4> |
| <p>If you are testing a Cargo feature that only works on “nightly” Cargo, then |
| you need to call <code>masquerade_as_nightly_cargo</code> on the process builder and pass |
| the name of the feature as the reason, like this:</p> |
| <pre><code class="language-rust ignore"> snapbox::cmd::Command::cargo() |
| .masquerade_as_nightly_cargo(&["print-im-a-teapot"])</code></pre> |
| <p>If you are testing a feature that only works on <em>nightly rustc</em> (such as |
| benchmarks), then you should use the <code>nightly</code> option of the <code>cargo_test</code> |
| attribute, like this:</p> |
| <pre><code class="language-rust ignore">#[cargo_test(nightly, reason = "-Zfoo is unstable")]</code></pre> |
| <p>This will cause the test to be ignored if not running on the nightly toolchain.</p> |
| <h3 id="platform-specific-notes"><a class="header" href="#platform-specific-notes">Platform-specific Notes</a></h3> |
| <p>When checking output, use <code>/</code> for paths even on Windows: the actual output |
| of <code>\</code> on Windows will be replaced with <code>/</code>.</p> |
| <p>Be careful when executing binaries on Windows. You should not rename, delete, |
| or overwrite a binary immediately after running it. Under some conditions |
| Windows will fail with errors like “directory not empty” or “failed to remove” |
| or “access is denied”.</p> |
| <h2 id="debugging-tests"><a class="header" href="#debugging-tests">Debugging tests</a></h2> |
| <p>In some cases, you may need to dig into a test that is not working as you |
| expect, or you just generally want to experiment within the sandbox |
| environment. The general process is:</p> |
| <ol> |
| <li> |
| <p>Build the sandbox for the test you want to investigate. For example:</p> |
| <p><code>cargo test --test testsuite -- features2::inactivate_targets</code>.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>In another terminal, head into the sandbox directory to inspect the files and run <code>cargo</code> directly.</p> |
| <ol> |
| <li> |
| <p>The sandbox directories start with <code>t0</code> for the first test.</p> |
| <p><code>cd target/tmp/cit/t0</code></p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Set up the environment so that the sandbox configuration takes effect:</p> |
| <p><code>export CARGO_HOME=$(pwd)/home/.cargo</code></p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Most tests create a <code>foo</code> project, so head into that:</p> |
| <p><code>cd foo</code></p> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Run whatever cargo command you want. See <a href="../process/working-on-cargo.html#running-cargo">Running Cargo</a> for more details |
| on running the correct <code>cargo</code> process. Some examples:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><code>/path/to/my/cargo/target/debug/cargo check</code></li> |
| <li>Using a debugger like <code>lldb</code> or <code>gdb</code>: |
| <ol> |
| <li><code>lldb /path/to/my/cargo/target/debug/cargo</code></li> |
| <li>Set a breakpoint, for example: <code>b generate_root_units</code></li> |
| <li>Run with arguments: <code>r check</code></li> |
| </ol> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| |
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