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| <h1 id="panicking"><a class="header" href="#panicking">Panicking</a></h1> |
| <p>Panicking is a core part of the Rust language. Built-in operations like indexing |
| are runtime checked for memory safety. When out of bounds indexing is attempted |
| this results in a panic.</p> |
| <p>In the standard library panicking has a defined behavior: it unwinds the stack |
| of the panicking thread, unless the user opted for aborting the program on |
| panics.</p> |
| <p>In programs without standard library, however, the panicking behavior is left |
| undefined. A behavior can be chosen by declaring a <code>#[panic_handler]</code> function. |
| This function must appear exactly <em>once</em> in the dependency graph of a program, |
| and must have the following signature: <code>fn(&PanicInfo) -> !</code>, where <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/panic/struct.PanicInfo.html"><code>PanicInfo</code></a> |
| is a struct containing information about the location of the panic.</p> |
| <p>Given that embedded systems range from user facing to safety critical (cannot |
| crash) there’s no one size fits all panicking behavior but there are plenty of |
| commonly used behaviors. These common behaviors have been packaged into crates |
| that define the <code>#[panic_handler]</code> function. Some examples include:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="https://crates.io/crates/panic-abort"><code>panic-abort</code></a>. A panic causes the abort instruction to be executed.</li> |
| <li><a href="https://crates.io/crates/panic-halt"><code>panic-halt</code></a>. A panic causes the program, or the current thread, to halt by |
| entering an infinite loop.</li> |
| <li><a href="https://crates.io/crates/panic-itm"><code>panic-itm</code></a>. The panicking message is logged using the ITM, an ARM Cortex-M |
| specific peripheral.</li> |
| <li><a href="https://crates.io/crates/panic-semihosting"><code>panic-semihosting</code></a>. The panicking message is logged to the host using the |
| semihosting technique.</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>You may be able to find even more crates searching for the <a href="https://crates.io/keywords/panic-handler"><code>panic-handler</code></a> |
| keyword on crates.io.</p> |
| <p>A program can pick one of these behaviors simply by linking to the corresponding |
| crate. The fact that the panicking behavior is expressed in the source of |
| an application as a single line of code is not only useful as documentation but |
| can also be used to change the panicking behavior according to the compilation |
| profile. For example:</p> |
| <pre><code class="language-rust ignore">#![no_main] |
| #![no_std] |
| |
| // dev profile: easier to debug panics; can put a breakpoint on `rust_begin_unwind` |
| #[cfg(debug_assertions)] |
| use panic_halt as _; |
| |
| // release profile: minimize the binary size of the application |
| #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))] |
| use panic_abort as _; |
| |
| // ..</code></pre> |
| <p>In this example the crate links to the <code>panic-halt</code> crate when built with the |
| dev profile (<code>cargo build</code>), but links to the <code>panic-abort</code> crate when built |
| with the release profile (<code>cargo build --release</code>).</p> |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>The <code>use panic_abort as _;</code> form of the <code>use</code> statement is used to ensure the <code>panic_abort</code> panic handler is |
| included in our final executable while making it clear to the compiler that we won’t explicitly use anything from |
| the crate. Without the <code>as _</code> rename, the compiler would warn that we have an unused import. |
| Sometimes you might see <code>extern crate panic_abort</code> instead, which is an older style used before the |
| 2018 edition of Rust, and should now only be used for “sysroot” crates (those distributed with Rust itself) such |
| as <code>proc_macro</code>, <code>alloc</code>, <code>std</code>, and <code>test</code>.</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| <h2 id="an-example"><a class="header" href="#an-example">An example</a></h2> |
| <p>Here’s an example that tries to index an array beyond its length. The operation |
| results in a panic.</p> |
| <pre><code class="language-rust ignore">#![no_main] |
| #![no_std] |
| |
| use panic_semihosting as _; |
| |
| use cortex_m_rt::entry; |
| |
| #[entry] |
| fn main() -> ! { |
| let xs = [0, 1, 2]; |
| let i = xs.len(); |
| let _y = xs[i]; // out of bounds access |
| |
| loop {} |
| }</code></pre> |
| <p>This example chose the <code>panic-semihosting</code> behavior which prints the panic |
| message to the host console using semihosting.</p> |
| <pre><code class="language-text">$ cargo run |
| Running `qemu-system-arm -cpu cortex-m3 -machine lm3s6965evb (..) |
| panicked at 'index out of bounds: the len is 3 but the index is 4', src/main.rs:12:13 |
| </code></pre> |
| <p>You can try changing the behavior to <code>panic-halt</code> and confirm that no message is |
| printed in that case.</p> |
| |
| </main> |
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