| #### Note: this error code is no longer emitted by the compiler. |
| |
| A trait object has some specific lifetime `'1`, but it was used in a way that |
| requires it to have a `'static` lifetime. |
| |
| Example of erroneous code: |
| |
| ```compile_fail |
| trait BooleanLike {} |
| trait Person {} |
| |
| impl BooleanLike for bool {} |
| |
| impl dyn Person { |
| fn is_cool(&self) -> bool { |
| // hey you, you're pretty cool |
| true |
| } |
| } |
| |
| fn get_is_cool<'p>(person: &'p dyn Person) -> impl BooleanLike { |
| // error: `person` has an anonymous lifetime `'p` but calling |
| // `print_cool_fn` introduces an implicit `'static` lifetime |
| // requirement |
| person.is_cool() |
| } |
| ``` |
| |
| The trait object `person` in the function `get_is_cool`, while already being |
| behind a reference with lifetime `'p`, also has it's own implicit lifetime, |
| `'2`. |
| |
| Lifetime `'2` represents the data the trait object might hold inside, for |
| example: |
| |
| ``` |
| trait MyTrait {} |
| |
| struct MyStruct<'a>(&'a i32); |
| |
| impl<'a> MyTrait for MyStruct<'a> {} |
| ``` |
| |
| With this scenario, if a trait object of `dyn MyTrait + '2` was made from |
| `MyStruct<'a>`, `'a` must live as long, if not longer than `'2`. This allows the |
| trait object's internal data to be accessed safely from any trait methods. This |
| rule also goes for any lifetime any struct made into a trait object may have. |
| |
| In the implementation for `dyn Person`, the `'2` lifetime representing the |
| internal data was omitted, meaning that the compiler inferred the lifetime |
| `'static`. As a result, the implementation's `is_cool` is inferred by the |
| compiler to look like this: |
| |
| ``` |
| # trait Person {} |
| # |
| # impl dyn Person { |
| fn is_cool<'a>(self: &'a (dyn Person + 'static)) -> bool {unimplemented!()} |
| # } |
| ``` |
| |
| While the `get_is_cool` function is inferred to look like this: |
| |
| ``` |
| # trait Person {} |
| # trait BooleanLike {} |
| # |
| fn get_is_cool<'p, R: BooleanLike>(person: &'p (dyn Person + 'p)) -> R { |
| unimplemented!() |
| } |
| ``` |
| |
| Which brings us to the core of the problem; the assignment of type |
| `&'_ (dyn Person + '_)` to type `&'_ (dyn Person + 'static)` is impossible. |
| |
| Fixing it is as simple as being generic over lifetime `'2`, as to prevent the |
| compiler from inferring it as `'static`: |
| |
| ``` |
| # trait Person {} |
| # |
| impl<'d> dyn Person + 'd {/* ... */} |
| |
| // This works too, and is more elegant: |
| //impl dyn Person + '_ {/* ... */} |
| ``` |
| |
| See the [Rust Reference on Trait Object Lifetime Bounds][trait-objects] for |
| more information on trait object lifetimes. |
| |
| [trait-object-lifetime-bounds]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/types/trait-object.html#trait-object-lifetime-bounds |