src/backend/debugging.md

## Debugging LLVM

> NOTE: If you are looking for info about code generation, please see [this
> chapter][codegen] instead.

[codegen]: ./codegen.md

This section is about debugging compiler bugs in code generation (e.g. why the
compiler generated some piece of code or crashed in LLVM).
LLVM is a big project that probably needs to have its own debugging document,
but following are some tips that are important in a rustc context.

### Minimize the example

As a general rule, compilers generate lots of information from analyzing code.
Thus, a useful first step is usually to find a minimal example.
One way to do this is to

1. create a new crate that reproduces the issue (e.g. adding whatever crate is
at fault as a dependency, and using it from there)

2. minimize the crate by removing external dependencies; that is, moving
everything relevant to the new crate

3. further minimize the issue by making the code shorter (there are tools that
help with this like `creduce`)

For more discussion on methodology for steps 2 and 3 above, there is an
[epic blog post][mcve-blog] from pnkfelix specifically about Rust program minimization.

[mcve-blog]: https://blog.pnkfx.org/blog/2019/11/18/rust-bug-minimization-patterns/

### Enable LLVM internal checks

The official compilers (including nightlies) have LLVM assertions disabled,
which means that LLVM assertion failures can show up as compiler crashes (not
ICEs but "real" crashes) and other sorts of weird behavior.
If you are encountering these, it is a good idea to try using a compiler with LLVM
assertions enabled - either an "alt" nightly or a compiler you build yourself
by setting `llvm.assertions = true` in your bootstrap.toml - and see whether anything turns up.

The rustc build process builds the LLVM tools into `build/host/llvm/bin`.
They can be called directly.
These tools include:
 * [`llc`], which compiles bitcode (`.bc` files) to executable code; this can be used to
   replicate LLVM backend bugs.
 * [`opt`], a bitcode transformer that runs LLVM optimization passes.
 * [`bugpoint`], which reduces large test cases to small, useful ones.
 * and many others, some of which are referenced in the text below.

[`llc`]: https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llc.html
[`opt`]: https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/opt.html
[`bugpoint`]: https://llvm.org/docs/Bugpoint.html

By default, the Rust build system does not check for changes to the LLVM source code or
its build configuration settings.
So, if you need to rebuild the LLVM that is linked
into `rustc`, first delete the file `.llvm-stamp`, which should be located
in `build/host/llvm/`.

The default rustc compilation pipeline has multiple codegen units, which is
hard to replicate manually and means that LLVM is called multiple times in
parallel.  If you can get away with it (i.e. if it doesn't make your bug
disappear), passing `-C codegen-units=1` to rustc will make debugging easier.

### Get your hands on raw LLVM input

For rustc to generate LLVM IR, you need to pass the `--emit=llvm-ir` flag.
If you are building via cargo,
use the `RUSTFLAGS` environment variable (e.g. `RUSTFLAGS='--emit=llvm-ir'`).
This causes rustc to spit out LLVM IR into the target directory.

`cargo llvm-ir [options] path` spits out the LLVM IR for a particular function at `path`.
(`cargo install --locked cargo-asm` installs `cargo asm` and `cargo llvm-ir`).
`--build-type=debug` emits code for debug builds.
There are also other useful options.
Also, debug info in LLVM IR can clutter the output a lot:
`RUSTFLAGS="-C debuginfo=0"` is really useful.

`RUSTFLAGS="-C save-temps"` outputs LLVM bitcode at
different stages during compilation, which is sometimes useful.
The output LLVM bitcode will be in `.bc` files in the compiler's output directory, set via the
`--out-dir DIR` argument to `rustc`.

 * If you are hitting an assertion failure or segmentation fault from the LLVM
   backend when invoking `rustc` itself, it is a good idea to try passing each
   of these `.bc` files to the `llc` command, and see if you get the same failure.
   (LLVM developers often prefer a bug reduced to a `.bc` file over one
   that uses a Rust crate for its minimized reproduction.)

 * To get human readable versions of the LLVM bitcode, one just needs to convert
   the bitcode (`.bc`) files to `.ll` files using `llvm-dis`, which should be in
   the target local compilation of rustc.


Note that rustc emits different IR depending on whether `-O` is enabled, even
without LLVM's optimizations, so if you want to play with the IR rustc emits,
you should:

```bash
$ rustc +local my-file.rs --emit=llvm-ir -O -C no-prepopulate-passes \
    -C codegen-units=1
$ OPT=build/$TRIPLE/llvm/bin/opt
$ $OPT -S -O2 < my-file.ll > my
```

If you just want to get the LLVM IR during the LLVM pipeline, to e.g. see which
IR causes an optimization-time assertion to fail, or to see when LLVM performs
a particular optimization, you can pass the rustc flag `-C
llvm-args=-print-after-all`, and possibly add `-C
llvm-args='-filter-print-funcs=EXACT_FUNCTION_NAME` (e.g.  `-C
llvm-args='-filter-print-funcs=_ZN11collections3str21_$LT$impl$u20$str$GT$\
7replace17hbe10ea2e7c809b0bE'`).

That produces a lot of output into standard error, so you'll want to pipe that to some file.
Also, if you are using neither `-filter-print-funcs` nor `-C
codegen-units=1`, then, because the multiple codegen units run in parallel, the
printouts will mix together and you won't be able to read anything.

 * One caveat to the aforementioned methodology: the `-print` family of options
   to LLVM only prints the IR unit that the pass runs on (e.g., just a
   function), and does not include any referenced declarations, globals,
   metadata, etc. This means you cannot in general feed the output of `-print`
   into `llc` to reproduce a given problem.

 * Within LLVM itself, calling `F.getParent()->dump()` at the beginning of
   `SafeStackLegacyPass::runOnFunction` will dump the whole module, which
   may provide better basis for reproduction.
   (However, you should be able to get that same dump from the `.bc` files dumped by
   `-C save-temps`.)

If you want just the IR for a specific function (say, you want to see why it
causes an assertion or doesn't optimize correctly), you can use `llvm-extract`,
e.g.

```bash
$ ./build/$TRIPLE/llvm/bin/llvm-extract \
    -func='_ZN11collections3str21_$LT$impl$u20$str$GT$7replace17hbe10ea2e7c809b0bE' \
    -S \
    < unextracted.ll \
    > extracted.ll
```

### Investigate LLVM optimization passes

If you are seeing incorrect behavior due to an optimization pass, a very handy
LLVM option is `-opt-bisect-limit`, which takes an integer denoting the index
value of the highest pass to run.
Index values for taken passes are stable
from run to run; by coupling this with software that automates bisecting the
search space based on the resulting program, an errant pass can be quickly determined.
When an `-opt-bisect-limit` is specified, all runs are displayed
to standard error, along with their index and output indicating if the
pass was run or skipped.  Setting the limit to an index of -1 (e.g.,
`RUSTFLAGS="-C llvm-args=-opt-bisect-limit=-1"`) will show all passes and
their corresponding index values.

If you want to play with the optimization pipeline, you can use the [`opt`] tool
from `./build/host/llvm/bin/` with the LLVM IR emitted by rustc.

When investigating the implementation of LLVM itself, you should be
aware of its [internal debug infrastructure][llvm-debug].
This is provided in LLVM Debug builds, which you enable for rustc
LLVM builds by changing this setting in the bootstrap.toml:
```
# Indicates whether the LLVM assertions are enabled or not
llvm.assertions = true

# Indicates whether the LLVM build is a Release or Debug build
llvm.optimize = false
```
The quick summary is:
 * Setting `assertions=true` enables coarse-grain debug messaging.
   * beyond that, setting `optimize=false` enables fine-grain debug messaging.
 * `LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << msg)` in LLVM is like `debug!(msg)` in `rustc`.
 * The `-debug` option turns on all messaging; it is like setting the
   environment variable `RUSTC_LOG=debug` in `rustc`.
 * The `-debug-only=<pass1>,<pass2>` variant is more selective; it is like
   setting the environment variable `RUSTC_LOG=path1,path2` in `rustc`.

[llvm-debug]: https://llvm.org/docs/ProgrammersManual.html#the-llvm-debug-macro-and-debug-option

### Getting help and asking questions

If you have some questions, head over to the [rust-lang Zulip] and
specifically the `#t-compiler/wg-llvm` channel.

[rust-lang Zulip]: https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/

### Compiler options to know and love

The `-C help` and `-Z help` compiler switches will list out a variety
of interesting options you may find useful.
Here are a few of the most common that pertain to LLVM development (some of them are employed in the
tutorial above):

- The `--emit llvm-ir` option emits a `<filename>.ll` file with LLVM IR in textual format
    - The `--emit llvm-bc` option emits in bytecode format (`<filename>.bc`)
- Passing `-C llvm-args=<foo>` allows passing pretty much all the
  options that tools like llc and opt would accept;
  e.g. `-C llvm-args=-print-before-all` to print IR before every LLVM
  pass.
- The `-C no-prepopulate-passes` will avoid pre-populate the LLVM pass
  manager with a list of passes.
  This will allow you to view the LLVM
  IR that rustc generates, not the LLVM IR after optimizations.
- The `-C passes=val` option allows you to supply a space separated list of extra LLVM passes to run
- The `-C save-temps` option saves all temporary output files during compilation
- The `-Z print-llvm-passes` option will print out LLVM optimization passes being run
- The `-Z time-llvm-passes` option measures the time of each LLVM pass
- The `-Z verify-llvm-ir` option will verify the LLVM IR for correctness
- The `--jobs-backend=1` will disable parallel compilation of distinct compilation units
- The `-Z llvm-time-trace` option will output a Chrome profiler compatible JSON file
  which contains details and timings for LLVM passes.
- The `-C llvm-args=-opt-bisect-limit=<index>` option allows for bisecting LLVM optimizations.

### Filing LLVM bug reports

When filing an LLVM bug report, you will probably want some sort of minimal
working example that demonstrates the problem.
The Godbolt compiler explorer is really helpful for this.

1. Once you have some LLVM IR for the problematic code (see above), you can
create a minimal working example with Godbolt.
Go to [llvm.godbolt.org](https://llvm.godbolt.org).

2. Choose `LLVM-IR` as programming language.

3. Use `llc` to compile the IR to a particular target as is:
    - There are some useful flags: `-mattr` enables target features, `-march=`
      selects the target, `-mcpu=` selects the CPU, etc.
    - Commands like `llc -march=help` output all architectures available, which
      is useful because sometimes the Rust arch names and the LLVM names do not match.
    - If you have compiled rustc yourself somewhere, in the target directory
      you have binaries for `llc`, `opt`, etc.

4. If you want to optimize the LLVM-IR, you can use `opt` to see how the LLVM
   optimizations transform it.

5. Once you have a godbolt link demonstrating the issue, it is pretty easy to
   fill in an LLVM bug.
   Just visit their [github issues page][llvm-issues].

[llvm-issues]: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues

### Porting bug fixes from LLVM

Once you've identified the bug as an LLVM bug, you will sometimes
find that it has already been reported and fixed in LLVM, but we haven't
gotten the fix yet (or perhaps you are familiar enough with LLVM to fix it yourself).

In that case, we can sometimes opt to port the fix for the bug
directly to our own LLVM fork, so that rustc can use it more easily.
Our fork of LLVM is maintained in [rust-lang/llvm-project].
Once you've landed the fix there, you'll also need to land a PR modifying
our submodule commits -- ask around on Zulip for help.

[rust-lang/llvm-project]: https://github.com/rust-lang/llvm-project/