src/backend/implicit-caller-location.md - rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide - Git at Google

 # Implicit caller location

 Approved in [RFC 2091], this feature enables the accurate reporting of caller location during panics
 initiated from functions like `Option::unwrap`, `Result::expect`, and `Index::index`. This feature
 adds the [`#[track_caller]`][attr-reference] attribute for functions, the
 [`caller_location`][intrinsic] intrinsic, and the stabilization-friendly
 [`core::panic::Location::caller`][wrapper] wrapper.

 ## Motivating example

 Take this example program:

 ```rust
 fn main() {
     let foo: Option<()> = None;
     foo.unwrap(); // this should produce a useful panic message!
 }
 ```

 Prior to Rust 1.42, panics like this `unwrap()` printed a location in core:

 ```
 $ rustc +1.41.0 example.rs; example.exe
 thread 'main' panicked at 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value',...core\macros\mod.rs:15:40
 note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace.
 ```

 As of 1.42, we get a much more helpful message:

 ```
 $ rustc +1.42.0 example.rs; example.exe
 thread 'main' panicked at 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value', example.rs:3:5
 note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
 ```

 These error messages are achieved through a combination of changes to `panic!` internals to make use
 of `core::panic::Location::caller` and a number of `#[track_caller]` annotations in the standard
 library which propagate caller information.

 ## Reading caller location

 Previously, `panic!` made use of the `file!()`, `line!()`, and `column!()` macros to construct a
 [`Location`] pointing to where the panic occurred. These macros couldn't be given an overridden
 location, so functions which intentionally invoked `panic!` couldn't provide their own location,
 hiding the actual source of error.

 Internally, `panic!()` now calls [`core::panic::Location::caller()`][wrapper] to find out where it
 was expanded. This function is itself annotated with `#[track_caller]` and wraps the
 [`caller_location`][intrinsic] compiler intrinsic implemented by rustc. This intrinsic is easiest
 explained in terms of how it works in a `const` context.

 ## Caller location in `const`

 There are two main phases to returning the caller location in a const context: walking up the stack
 to find the right location and allocating a const value to return.

 ### Finding the right `Location`

 In a const context we "walk up the stack" from where the intrinsic is invoked, stopping when we
 reach the first function call in the stack which does *not* have the attribute. This walk is in
 [`InterpCx::find_closest_untracked_caller_location()`][const-find-closest].

 Starting at the bottom, we iterate up over stack [`Frame`][const-frame]s in the
 [`InterpCx::stack`][const-stack], calling
 [`InstanceKind::requires_caller_location`][requires-location] on the
 [`Instance`s from each `Frame`][frame-instance]. We stop once we find one that returns `false` and
 return the span of the *previous* frame which was the "topmost" tracked function.

 ### Allocating a static `Location`

 Once we have a `Span`, we need to allocate static memory for the `Location`, which is performed by
 the [`TyCtxt::const_caller_location()`][const-location-query] query. Internally this calls
 [`InterpCx::alloc_caller_location()`][alloc-location] and results in a unique
 [memory kind][location-memory-kind] (`MemoryKind::CallerLocation`). The SSA codegen backend is able
 to emit code for these same values, and we use this code there as well.

 Once our `Location` has been allocated in static memory, our intrinsic returns a reference to it.

 ## Generating code for `#[track_caller]` callees

 To generate efficient code for a tracked function and its callers, we need to provide the same
 behavior from the intrinsic's point of view without having a stack to walk up at runtime. We invert
 the approach: as we grow the stack down we pass an additional argument to calls of tracked functions
 rather than walking up the stack when the intrinsic is called. That additional argument can be
 returned wherever the caller location is queried.

 The argument we append is of type `&'static core::panic::Location<'static>`. A reference was chosen
 to avoid unnecessary copying because a pointer is a third the size of
 `std::mem::size_of::<core::panic::Location>() == 24` at time of writing.

 When generating a call to a function which is tracked, we pass the location argument the value of
 [`FunctionCx::get_caller_location`][fcx-get].

 If the calling function is tracked, `get_caller_location` returns the local in
 [`FunctionCx::caller_location`][fcx-location] which was populated by the current caller's caller.
 In these cases the intrinsic "returns" a reference which was actually provided in an argument to its
 caller.

 If the calling function is not tracked, `get_caller_location` allocates a `Location` static from
 the current `Span` and returns a reference to that.

 We more efficiently achieve the same behavior as a loop starting from the bottom by passing a single
 `&Location` value through the `caller_location` fields of multiple `FunctionCx`s as we grow the
 stack downward.

 ### Codegen examples

 What does this transformation look like in practice? Take this example which uses the new feature:

 ```rust
 #![feature(track_caller)]
 use std::panic::Location;

 #[track_caller]
 fn print_caller() {
     println!("called from {}", Location::caller());
 }

 fn main() {
     print_caller();
 }
 ```

 Here `print_caller()` appears to take no arguments, but we compile it to something like this:

 ```rust
 #![feature(panic_internals)]
 use std::panic::Location;

 fn print_caller(caller: &Location) {
     println!("called from {}", caller);
 }

 fn main() {
     print_caller(&Location::internal_constructor(file!(), line!(), column!()));
 }
 ```

 ### Dynamic dispatch

 In codegen contexts we have to modify the callee ABI to pass this information down the stack, but
 the attribute expressly does *not* modify the type of the function. The ABI change must be
 transparent to type checking and remain sound in all uses.

 Direct calls to tracked functions will always know the full codegen flags for the callee and can
 generate appropriate code. Indirect callers won't have this information and it's not encoded in
 the type of the function pointer they call, so we generate a [`ReifyShim`] around the function
 whenever taking a pointer to it. This shim isn't able to report the actual location of the indirect
 call (the function's definition site is reported instead), but it prevents miscompilation and is
 probably the best we can do without modifying fully-stabilized type signatures.

 > *Note:* We always emit a [`ReifyShim`] when taking a pointer to a tracked function. While the
 > constraint here is imposed by codegen contexts, we don't know during MIR construction of the shim
 > whether we'll be called in a const context (safe to ignore shim) or in a codegen context (unsafe
 > to ignore shim). Even if we did know, the results from const and codegen contexts must agree.

 ## The attribute

 The `#[track_caller]` attribute is checked alongside other codegen attributes to ensure the
 function:

 * has the `"Rust"` ABI (as opposed to e.g., `"C"`)
 * is not a closure
 * is not `#[naked]`

 If the use is valid, we set [`CodegenFnAttrsFlags::TRACK_CALLER`][attrs-flags]. This flag influences
 the return value of [`InstanceKind::requires_caller_location`][requires-location] which is in turn
 used in both const and codegen contexts to ensure correct propagation.

 ### Traits

 When applied to trait method implementations, the attribute works as it does for regular functions.

 When applied to a trait method prototype, the attribute applies to all implementations of the
 method. When applied to a default trait method implementation, the attribute takes effect on
 that implementation *and* any overrides.

 Examples:

 ```rust
 #![feature(track_caller)]

 macro_rules! assert_tracked {
     () => {{
         let location = std::panic::Location::caller();
         assert_eq!(location.file(), file!());
         assert_ne!(location.line(), line!(), "line should be outside this fn");
         println!("called at {}", location);
     }};
 }

 trait TrackedFourWays {
     /// All implementations inherit `#[track_caller]`.
     #[track_caller]
     fn blanket_tracked();

     /// Implementors can annotate themselves.
     fn local_tracked();

     /// This implementation is tracked (overrides are too).
     #[track_caller]
     fn default_tracked() {
         assert_tracked!();
     }

     /// Overrides of this implementation are tracked (it is too).
     #[track_caller]
     fn default_tracked_to_override() {
         assert_tracked!();
     }
 }

 /// This impl uses the default impl for `default_tracked` and provides its own for
 /// `default_tracked_to_override`.
 impl TrackedFourWays for () {
     fn blanket_tracked() {
         assert_tracked!();
     }

     #[track_caller]
     fn local_tracked() {
         assert_tracked!();
     }

     fn default_tracked_to_override() {
         assert_tracked!();
     }
 }

 fn main() {
     <() as TrackedFourWays>::blanket_tracked();
     <() as TrackedFourWays>::default_tracked();
     <() as TrackedFourWays>::default_tracked_to_override();
     <() as TrackedFourWays>::local_tracked();
 }
 ```

 ## Background/History

 Broadly speaking, this feature's goal is to improve common Rust error messages without breaking
 stability guarantees, requiring modifications to end-user source, relying on platform-specific
 debug-info, or preventing user-defined types from having the same error-reporting benefits.

 Improving the output of these panics has been a goal of proposals since at least mid-2016 (see
 [non-viable alternatives] in the approved RFC for details). It took two more years until RFC 2091
 was approved, much of its [rationale] for this feature's design having been discovered through the
 discussion around several earlier proposals.

 The design in the original RFC limited itself to implementations that could be done inside the
 compiler at the time without significant refactoring. However in the year and a half between the
 approval of the RFC and the actual implementation work, a [revised design] was proposed and written
 up on the tracking issue. During the course of implementing that, it was also discovered that an
 implementation was possible without modifying the number of arguments in a function's MIR, which
 would simplify later stages and unlock use in traits.

 Because the RFC's implementation strategy could not readily support traits, the semantics were not
 originally specified. They have since been implemented following the path which seemed most correct
 to the author and reviewers.

 [RFC 2091]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2091-inline-semantic.md
 [attr-reference]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/attributes/codegen.html#the-track_caller-attribute
 [intrinsic]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/intrinsics/fn.caller_location.html
 [wrapper]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/panic/struct.Location.html#method.caller
 [non-viable alternatives]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2091-inline-semantic.md#non-viable-alternatives
 [rationale]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2091-inline-semantic.md#rationale
 [revised design]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/47809#issuecomment-443538059
 [attrs-flags]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/middle/codegen_fn_attrs/struct.CodegenFnAttrFlags.html#associatedconstant.TRACK_CALLER
 [`ReifyShim`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/enum.InstanceKind.html#variant.ReifyShim
 [`Location`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/panic/struct.Location.html
 [const-find-closest]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_const_eval/interpret/struct.InterpCx.html#method.find_closest_untracked_caller_location
 [requires-location]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/instance/enum.InstanceKind.html#method.requires_caller_location
 [alloc-location]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_const_eval/interpret/struct.InterpCx.html#method.alloc_caller_location
 [fcx-location]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_codegen_ssa/mir/struct.FunctionCx.html#structfield.caller_location
 [const-location-query]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.TyCtxt.html#method.const_caller_location
 [location-memory-kind]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_const_eval/interpret/enum.MemoryKind.html#variant.CallerLocation
 [const-frame]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_const_eval/interpret/struct.Frame.html
 [const-stack]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_const_eval/interpret/struct.InterpCx.html#structfield.stack
 [fcx-get]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_codegen_ssa/mir/struct.FunctionCx.html#method.get_caller_location
 [frame-instance]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_const_eval/interpret/struct.Frame.html#structfield.instance
	# Implicit caller location

	Approved in [RFC 2091], this feature enables the accurate reporting of caller location during panics
	initiated from functions like `Option::unwrap`, `Result::expect`, and `Index::index`. This feature
	adds the [`#[track_caller]`][attr-reference] attribute for functions, the
	[`caller_location`][intrinsic] intrinsic, and the stabilization-friendly
	[`core::panic::Location::caller`][wrapper] wrapper.

	## Motivating example

	Take this example program:

	```rust
	fn main() {
	let foo: Option<()> = None;
	foo.unwrap(); // this should produce a useful panic message!
	}
	```

	Prior to Rust 1.42, panics like this `unwrap()` printed a location in core:

	```
	$ rustc +1.41.0 example.rs; example.exe
	thread 'main' panicked at 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value',...core\macros\mod.rs:15:40
	note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace.
	```

	As of 1.42, we get a much more helpful message:

	```
	$ rustc +1.42.0 example.rs; example.exe
	thread 'main' panicked at 'called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value', example.rs:3:5
	note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
	```

	These error messages are achieved through a combination of changes to `panic!` internals to make use
	of `core::panic::Location::caller` and a number of `#[track_caller]` annotations in the standard
	library which propagate caller information.

	## Reading caller location

	Previously, `panic!` made use of the `file!()`, `line!()`, and `column!()` macros to construct a
	[`Location`] pointing to where the panic occurred. These macros couldn't be given an overridden
	location, so functions which intentionally invoked `panic!` couldn't provide their own location,
	hiding the actual source of error.

	Internally, `panic!()` now calls [`core::panic::Location::caller()`][wrapper] to find out where it
	was expanded. This function is itself annotated with `#[track_caller]` and wraps the
	[`caller_location`][intrinsic] compiler intrinsic implemented by rustc. This intrinsic is easiest
	explained in terms of how it works in a `const` context.

	## Caller location in `const`

	There are two main phases to returning the caller location in a const context: walking up the stack
	to find the right location and allocating a const value to return.

	### Finding the right `Location`

	In a const context we "walk up the stack" from where the intrinsic is invoked, stopping when we
	reach the first function call in the stack which does not have the attribute. This walk is in
	[`InterpCx::find_closest_untracked_caller_location()`][const-find-closest].

	Starting at the bottom, we iterate up over stack [`Frame`][const-frame]s in the
	[`InterpCx::stack`][const-stack], calling
	[`InstanceKind::requires_caller_location`][requires-location] on the
	[`Instance`s from each `Frame`][frame-instance]. We stop once we find one that returns `false` and
	return the span of the previous frame which was the "topmost" tracked function.

	### Allocating a static `Location`

	Once we have a `Span`, we need to allocate static memory for the `Location`, which is performed by
	the [`TyCtxt::const_caller_location()`][const-location-query] query. Internally this calls
	[`InterpCx::alloc_caller_location()`][alloc-location] and results in a unique
	[memory kind][location-memory-kind] (`MemoryKind::CallerLocation`). The SSA codegen backend is able
	to emit code for these same values, and we use this code there as well.

	Once our `Location` has been allocated in static memory, our intrinsic returns a reference to it.

	## Generating code for `#[track_caller]` callees

	To generate efficient code for a tracked function and its callers, we need to provide the same
	behavior from the intrinsic's point of view without having a stack to walk up at runtime. We invert
	the approach: as we grow the stack down we pass an additional argument to calls of tracked functions
	rather than walking up the stack when the intrinsic is called. That additional argument can be
	returned wherever the caller location is queried.

	The argument we append is of type `&'static core::panic::Location<'static>`. A reference was chosen
	to avoid unnecessary copying because a pointer is a third the size of
	`std::mem::size_of::<core::panic::Location>() == 24` at time of writing.

	When generating a call to a function which is tracked, we pass the location argument the value of
	[`FunctionCx::get_caller_location`][fcx-get].

	If the calling function is tracked, `get_caller_location` returns the local in
	[`FunctionCx::caller_location`][fcx-location] which was populated by the current caller's caller.
	In these cases the intrinsic "returns" a reference which was actually provided in an argument to its
	caller.

	If the calling function is not tracked, `get_caller_location` allocates a `Location` static from
	the current `Span` and returns a reference to that.

	We more efficiently achieve the same behavior as a loop starting from the bottom by passing a single
	`&Location` value through the `caller_location` fields of multiple `FunctionCx`s as we grow the
	stack downward.

	### Codegen examples

	What does this transformation look like in practice? Take this example which uses the new feature:

	```rust
	#![feature(track_caller)]
	use std::panic::Location;

	#[track_caller]
	fn print_caller() {
	println!("called from {}", Location::caller());
	}

	fn main() {
	print_caller();
	}
	```

	Here `print_caller()` appears to take no arguments, but we compile it to something like this:

	```rust
	#![feature(panic_internals)]
	use std::panic::Location;

	fn print_caller(caller: &Location) {
	println!("called from {}", caller);
	}

	fn main() {
	print_caller(&Location::internal_constructor(file!(), line!(), column!()));
	}
	```

	### Dynamic dispatch

	In codegen contexts we have to modify the callee ABI to pass this information down the stack, but
	the attribute expressly does not modify the type of the function. The ABI change must be
	transparent to type checking and remain sound in all uses.

	Direct calls to tracked functions will always know the full codegen flags for the callee and can
	generate appropriate code. Indirect callers won't have this information and it's not encoded in
	the type of the function pointer they call, so we generate a [`ReifyShim`] around the function
	whenever taking a pointer to it. This shim isn't able to report the actual location of the indirect
	call (the function's definition site is reported instead), but it prevents miscompilation and is
	probably the best we can do without modifying fully-stabilized type signatures.

	> Note: We always emit a [`ReifyShim`] when taking a pointer to a tracked function. While the
	> constraint here is imposed by codegen contexts, we don't know during MIR construction of the shim
	> whether we'll be called in a const context (safe to ignore shim) or in a codegen context (unsafe
	> to ignore shim). Even if we did know, the results from const and codegen contexts must agree.

	## The attribute

	The `#[track_caller]` attribute is checked alongside other codegen attributes to ensure the
	function:

	* has the `"Rust"` ABI (as opposed to e.g., `"C"`)
	* is not a closure
	* is not `#[naked]`

	If the use is valid, we set [`CodegenFnAttrsFlags::TRACK_CALLER`][attrs-flags]. This flag influences
	the return value of [`InstanceKind::requires_caller_location`][requires-location] which is in turn
	used in both const and codegen contexts to ensure correct propagation.

	### Traits

	When applied to trait method implementations, the attribute works as it does for regular functions.

	When applied to a trait method prototype, the attribute applies to all implementations of the
	method. When applied to a default trait method implementation, the attribute takes effect on
	that implementation and any overrides.

	Examples:

	```rust
	#![feature(track_caller)]

	macro_rules! assert_tracked {
	() => {{
	let location = std::panic::Location::caller();
	assert_eq!(location.file(), file!());
	assert_ne!(location.line(), line!(), "line should be outside this fn");
	println!("called at {}", location);
	}};
	}

	trait TrackedFourWays {
	/// All implementations inherit `#[track_caller]`.
	#[track_caller]
	fn blanket_tracked();

	/// Implementors can annotate themselves.
	fn local_tracked();

	/// This implementation is tracked (overrides are too).
	#[track_caller]
	fn default_tracked() {
	assert_tracked!();
	}

	/// Overrides of this implementation are tracked (it is too).
	#[track_caller]
	fn default_tracked_to_override() {
	assert_tracked!();
	}
	}

	/// This impl uses the default impl for `default_tracked` and provides its own for
	/// `default_tracked_to_override`.
	impl TrackedFourWays for () {
	fn blanket_tracked() {
	assert_tracked!();
	}

	#[track_caller]
	fn local_tracked() {
	assert_tracked!();
	}

	fn default_tracked_to_override() {
	assert_tracked!();
	}
	}

	fn main() {
	<() as TrackedFourWays>::blanket_tracked();
	<() as TrackedFourWays>::default_tracked();
	<() as TrackedFourWays>::default_tracked_to_override();
	<() as TrackedFourWays>::local_tracked();
	}
	```

	## Background/History

	Broadly speaking, this feature's goal is to improve common Rust error messages without breaking
	stability guarantees, requiring modifications to end-user source, relying on platform-specific
	debug-info, or preventing user-defined types from having the same error-reporting benefits.

	Improving the output of these panics has been a goal of proposals since at least mid-2016 (see
	[non-viable alternatives] in the approved RFC for details). It took two more years until RFC 2091
	was approved, much of its [rationale] for this feature's design having been discovered through the
	discussion around several earlier proposals.

	The design in the original RFC limited itself to implementations that could be done inside the
	compiler at the time without significant refactoring. However in the year and a half between the
	approval of the RFC and the actual implementation work, a [revised design] was proposed and written
	up on the tracking issue. During the course of implementing that, it was also discovered that an
	implementation was possible without modifying the number of arguments in a function's MIR, which
	would simplify later stages and unlock use in traits.

	Because the RFC's implementation strategy could not readily support traits, the semantics were not
	originally specified. They have since been implemented following the path which seemed most correct
	to the author and reviewers.

	[RFC 2091]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2091-inline-semantic.md
	[attr-reference]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/attributes/codegen.html#the-track_caller-attribute
	[intrinsic]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/intrinsics/fn.caller_location.html
	[wrapper]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/panic/struct.Location.html#method.caller
	[non-viable alternatives]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2091-inline-semantic.md#non-viable-alternatives
	[rationale]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2091-inline-semantic.md#rationale
	[revised design]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/47809#issuecomment-443538059
	[attrs-flags]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/middle/codegen_fn_attrs/struct.CodegenFnAttrFlags.html#associatedconstant.TRACK_CALLER
	[`ReifyShim`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/enum.InstanceKind.html#variant.ReifyShim
	[`Location`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/panic/struct.Location.html
	[const-find-closest]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_const_eval/interpret/struct.InterpCx.html#method.find_closest_untracked_caller_location
	[requires-location]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/instance/enum.InstanceKind.html#method.requires_caller_location
	[alloc-location]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_const_eval/interpret/struct.InterpCx.html#method.alloc_caller_location
	[fcx-location]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_codegen_ssa/mir/struct.FunctionCx.html#structfield.caller_location
	[const-location-query]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.TyCtxt.html#method.const_caller_location
	[location-memory-kind]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_const_eval/interpret/enum.MemoryKind.html#variant.CallerLocation
	[const-frame]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_const_eval/interpret/struct.Frame.html
	[const-stack]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_const_eval/interpret/struct.InterpCx.html#structfield.stack
	[fcx-get]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_codegen_ssa/mir/struct.FunctionCx.html#method.get_caller_location
	[frame-instance]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_const_eval/interpret/struct.Frame.html#structfield.instance