# Combinators: `map`

`match` is a valid method for handling `Option`s. However, you may
eventually find heavy usage tedious, especially with operations only valid
with an input. In these cases, [combinators][combinators] can be used to
manage control flow in a modular fashion.

`Option` has a built in method called `map()`, a combinator for the simple
mapping of `Some -> Some` and `None -> None`. Multiple `map()` calls can be
chained together for even more flexibility.

In the following example, `process()` replaces all functions previous
to it while staying compact.

```rust,editable
#![allow(dead_code)]

#[derive(Debug)] enum Food { Apple, Carrot, Potato }

#[derive(Debug)] struct Peeled(Food);
#[derive(Debug)] struct Chopped(Food);
#[derive(Debug)] struct Cooked(Food);

// Peeling food. If there isn't any, then return `None`.
// Otherwise, return the peeled food.
fn peel(food: Option<Food>) -> Option<Peeled> {
    match food {
        Some(food) => Some(Peeled(food)),
        None       => None,
    }
}

// Chopping food. If there isn't any, then return `None`.
// Otherwise, return the chopped food.
fn chop(peeled: Option<Peeled>) -> Option<Chopped> {
    match peeled {
        Some(Peeled(food)) => Some(Chopped(food)),
        None               => None,
    }
}

// Cooking food. Here, we showcase `map()` instead of `match` for case handling.
fn cook(chopped: Option<Chopped>) -> Option<Cooked> {
    chopped.map(|Chopped(food)| Cooked(food))
}

// A function to peel, chop, and cook food all in sequence.
// We chain multiple uses of `map()` to simplify the code.
fn process(food: Option<Food>) -> Option<Cooked> {
    food.map(|f| Peeled(f))
        .map(|Peeled(f)| Chopped(f))
        .map(|Chopped(f)| Cooked(f))
}

// Check whether there's food or not before trying to eat it!
fn eat(food: Option<Cooked>) {
    match food {
        Some(food) => println!("Mmm. I love {:?}", food),
        None       => println!("Oh no! It wasn't edible."),
    }
}

fn main() {
    let apple = Some(Food::Apple);
    let carrot = Some(Food::Carrot);
    let potato = None;

    let cooked_apple = cook(chop(peel(apple)));
    let cooked_carrot = cook(chop(peel(carrot)));
    // Let's try the simpler looking `process()` now.
    let cooked_potato = process(potato);

    eat(cooked_apple);
    eat(cooked_carrot);
    eat(cooked_potato);
}
```

### See also:

[closures][closures], [`Option`][option], [`Option::map()`][map]

[combinators]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/glossary.html#combinator
[closures]: ../../fn/closures.md
[option]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum.Option.html
[map]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum.Option.html#method.map